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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Explore the contributions of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei to the Scientific Revolution. Learn about their revolutionary ideas in astronomy and physics, the challenges they faced from the Catholic Church, and their impact on the development of the scientific method.

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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

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  1. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

  2. NEW DIRECTIONS IN ASTRONOMY & PHYSICS • NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): (Polish) Heliocentrism, works were banned by the Catholic Church Martin Luther also condemned his work • JOHANNES KEPLER, (1571-1630): (German) Elliptical planetary movement • GALILEO GALILEI(1564-1642) (Italian)

  3. THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Galileo • Constructed first telescope and was the first to use it to observe heavenly bodies, discovered that the moon is not smooth. • Motion could be derived from observation and math • Challenged authority, but not anti-religion • Criticized church for suppressing Copernicus

  4. Led to the Scientific Method

  5. Giordano Bruno, Italian friar, believed in infinite universe, burned at the stake in Rome 1600 Galileo brought before the Inquisition-1633, recanted and was found "vehemently suspect of heresy“ and placed under house arrest until his death Persecution by the Church

  6. What is ENLIGHTENMENT?

  7. Enlightenment is a NOUN • Intellectual, moral, or spiritual improvement • Awareness • Understanding • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxRD0UvbpII

  8. Essential questions • What beliefs did Enlightenment thinkers (or Philosophes) share? What united them? • How did the ideas of the Enlightenment spread?

  9. The Enlightenment: 1650-1800 Not as much of a movement, as a way of looking at the world among European intellectuals. In France, they were called philosophes An intellectual is a person who: • uses his/her mind creatively • places a high value on or pursues things of interest to the intellect • relies on reason rather than on emotions.

  10. The Philosophes • Philosophes means philosophers in French. They were often not really philosophers, but rather were thinkers, social critics, and writers. • Used reason to examine everything • Believed in human progress • Applied “Natural Laws” to try to understand and solve social, economic, and political problems • This was an extension of the Scientific Revolution into the social/political/economic sphere.

  11. The Enlightenment Triangle--Centered in Britain and France

  12. Targets of Enlightenment Thinkers • Ignorance--promoted spread of education

  13. Superstition (belief in witchcraft, for example)

  14. Absolute Monarchy “Divine Right of Kings”

  15. Organized Church/Religion religious intolerance, torture

  16. Governments--censorship, legal torture

  17. Slavery(though some like John Locke supported slavery)

  18. Ignorance--promoted spread of education

  19. Enlightenment spreads • Centered in France and Great Britain, but spreads across Northern Europe and into North America • How? Encyclopedias, books, pamphlets, novels (new form of communication), salons, personal contacts with ruling elites. • Confined largely to middle and upper classes (educated, could read) • Lower classes generally unaffected What is a “salon?”

  20. Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679 • All individuals in nature equal • Pessimistic about humans; everyone against each other • State of constant war • Give up “natural rights” to an absolute authority (the Leviathan) who would enforce laws and maintain peace • No right to revolt • No divine authority; no role for religion in governing--this is why Hobbes is considered an Enlightenment thinker.

  21. John Locke 1632-1704 • Humans are basically good • Believed in natural rights from birth: life, liberty, and property • State exists to preserve life, liberty and property • Constitutional gov’t, consent of the governed • People have right to revolt if gov’t doesn’t provide those rights • Constitutional monarchy

  22. Baron de Montesquieu 1689-1755 • Separation of powers in government: executive, legislative, judicial to keep each other in check. “Checks and Balances” • Favored constitutional monarchy • Anti- slavery

  23. Checks and Balances

  24. Jean-Jacques Rousseau • People are good but corrupted by society, belief in “general will” of people • People improved by returning to nature • Social Contract needs to involve “the whole community” • People are the sovereign • Popular “general will” leads to laws • Direct democracy, no separation of powers • People can’t revolt against the state because they are the state

  25. The Enlightenment and Women • There were women Philosophes • Women, particularly in France, played a key role in spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment through salons and publishing • But generally the idea of equality applied only to men • Rights of women were limited to home and family

  26. Women Critics of the Enlightenment • Women were not equal in the minds of male philosophes • 1792 published “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” calling for equal education for girls • Women shouldn’t depend on their husbands • Women needed education to participate equally with men in society Mary Wollstonecraft

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