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Understanding Nominal Data and Distributions: Frequency, Cross-Tabulations, and Visualizations

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This chapter explores organizing and analyzing nominal data through frequency distributions, where the left column lists characteristics (e.g., responses) and the right column displays frequencies. It highlights how comparisons of distributions can provide insights, as illustrated by the gender of students majoring in Criminal Justice. Techniques such as rate of change, grouped frequency distributions, and cross-tabulations are examined, particularly focusing on the victim-offender relationship in US homicides. The chapter also covers visual representation methods, including pie charts and histograms for effective data communication.

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Understanding Nominal Data and Distributions: Frequency, Cross-Tabulations, and Visualizations

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 2Organizing the Data

  2. Nominal Data and Distributions • Frequency distribution of nominal data consists of two columns: • Left column has characteristics (e.g., Response of Child) • Right column has frequency (f)

  3. Comparing Distributions • Comparisons clarify and add information

  4. Illustration: Gender of Students Majoring in CJ(f)

  5. Illustration: Gender of Students Majoring in CJ (f and %)

  6. Rate of Change • Compare the same population at two points in time • Rate of Change = time 2f – time1f time 1f (100)* 1Source: National Crime Victimization Survey

  7. Ordinal/Interval Data and Distributions

  8. Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data

  9. Flexible Class Intervals N = 77688

  10. Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data

  11. Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data

  12. Chapter 2 Day 2

  13. Cross-tab

  14. Cross Tabulations – Victim-Offender Relationship by Gender of Victim for Homicides in US for 2005 (With Row%)

  15. Cross Tabulations – Victim-Offender Relationship by Gender of Victim for Homicides in US for 2005 (With Row%)

  16. Cross Tabulations – Victim-Offender Relationship by Gender of Victim for Homicides in US for 2005 (With Row%)

  17. Cross Tabulations – Victim-Offender Relationship by Gender of Victim for Homicides in US for 2005 (With Row%)

  18. Pie Chart

  19. Exploded Pie Chart

  20. Bar Graph

  21. Histogram of Distribution of Children in Little Rock Community Survey

  22. Frequency Polygon Example

  23. Number of Adolescents (< 18 y/o) Using for the First Time by Month

  24. Kurtosis Leptokurtic Platykurtic Mesokurtic Some Variation in Kurtosis among Symmetrical Distributions

  25. Skewness Negatively skewed Positively skewed Symmetrical (Normal) Three Distributions Representing Direction of Skewness

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