OCT 1121 - Seminar Presentation

1. OCT 1121 - Seminar Presentation Monday, November 24, 2008 Study Group #2 Olivia, Phuong, Audrey, Jacqui, Joanna, Devon, Lauren & Shu-Hyun

2. Mrs. Greenwald and Honey http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=10974

3. Outline • Our question • Definitions • Initial model • Delving into the literature • Search terms • Databases • Our process of elimination • Critical appraisal of 3 articles • The gaps • Appraisal of current research • Gaps in literature • Final model • Future directions • Application to OT • Discussion

4. Our Question • How does pet ownership among older adults affect their occupational performance in the domains of self-care, productivity, and leisure?

5. Our Question • Definitions • Pet: a domesticated animal kept for pleasure rather than utility • Ownership: the state, relation, or fact of being an owner • Owner: to have or hold as property; possess • Older adults: an individual over 65 years of age  • Occupational performance: The actual execution or carrying out of an occupation (Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, 1997) (Merriam-Webster Online, 2008)

6. Initial Model

7. Delving into the Literature • Search terms

8. Delving into the Literature • Databases • CINAHL • Medline • Embase • Scopus • Pubmed • Scholars Portal (Ageline) • PsychInfo • Web of Science

9. Delving into the Literature • Our process of elimination • Initially 53 articles • Eliminated articles pertaining to: • Pet therapy • Physiological health benefits • Irrelevant to our question • Resulted in 19 articles relevant to our question

10. Recap - Our Question • How does pet ownership among older adults affect their occupational performance in the domains of self-care, productivity, and leisure? • Wood, Giles-Corti, Bulsara & Bosch, 2007 • Raina, Waltner-Toews, Bonnet, Woodward & Abernathy, 1999 • Dembicki & Anderson, 1996

11. Pets and Leisure Wood, L. J., Giles-Corti, B., Bulsara, M. K. & Bosch, D. A. (2007). More than a furry companion: The ripple effect of companion animals on neighbourhood interactions and sense of community. Society and Animals, 15(1), 43-56.

12. Key Themes • Pet ownership • Social interaction • Community participation

13. Purpose • To explore the community-level impacts of pet ownership, focusing on social interaction and sense of community • Re-report of Wood et al. (2000; 2005)

14. Design & Paradigm • Sample population • Two-phase Qual/QUANT design • Qual: Focus groups • QUANT: Phone survey • Paradigm: Pragmatic positivism

15. Levels of Design • Describe the factors • Explore relationships • Experimental (cause-effect)

16. Level of Evidence • At least one systematic review of RCTs • At least one RCT • Well-designed, non-randomized trials • Well-designed, non experimental • Opinions of respected authorities, clinical evidence, descriptive studies

17. Results Pet ownership is associated with: • Increased social interaction • Increased community participation • Increased sense of community (dog owners)

18. Critique • Strengths • Triangulation of data • Limitations • Limited generalizability • Level IV evidence • Dogs vs. other types of pets? • Differences between age groups

19. Relevance to Question • How does pet ownership among older adults affect their occupational performance in self-care, productivity and leisure?

20. Relevance to OS • Occupations and community health • Individual occupations affect community • Shared occupations increase community health • E.g. Dog ownership and sense of community • Social aspects of occupational participation • “Participation” usually occurs with others (J. Davis, personal communication, November, 2008)

21. Pets and Self-Care • Dembicki, D. & Anderson, J. (1996). Pet ownership may be a factor in improved health of the elderly. Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 15, 15-31. • Raina, P., Waltner-Toews, D., Bonnet, B., Woodward, C. H. & Abernathy, T. (1999). Influence of companion animals on the physical and psychological health of older people: An analysis of a one-year longitudinal study. American Geriatrics Society, 47, 323-329.

22. Key Themes Dembicki & Anderson (1996) • Pet ownership • Elderly • Physical health • Self-care defined as: • Eating/nutrition • Exercise • Cardiovascular risk Raina et al. (1999) • Pet ownership • Elderly • Physical health • Self-care defined as: • ADLs • Exercise • Risk of chronic illness

23. Are pets good for your health?May motivate the elderly to walk and/or exercise.(Dembicki & Anderson, 1996; Raina et al., 1999) www.mindbodywellnesspc.com www.msd.agovt.nz/.../2men-walking-dogs.jpg www.guilfordortho.com

24. Are pets good for your health?May serve as a clock, adding routine to the lives of the elderly.(Dembicki & Anderson, 1996) www.cartoonstock.com

25. Are pets good for your health?May provide motivation to engage in daily activities.(Raina et al. 1999) www.macspride.com

26. Purpose Dembicki & Anderson (1996) • To examine the associations between pet ownership and self-care Raina et al. (1999) • To examine if companion animals were associated with changes in physical health

27. Scientific Foundation Dembicki & Anderson (1996) • Previous experimental research by: • Friedmann et al. (1980) • Lago et al. (1982) • Stallones et al. (1988) Raina et al. (1999) • Previous experimental research by: • Friedmann et al. (1980) • Hendy (1984) • Serpel (1990)

28. Design & Paradigm *of both studies • Pragmatic positivism • QUANT design • QUANT: cross-sectional study (Dembicki & Anderson, 1996) • Questionnaires • Food diaries • Medical data • QUANT: longitudinal (Raina et al., 1999) • Questionnaires • Medical data images.google.ca

29. Levels of Design • Describe the factors • Explore Relationships *for both studies • Experimental (cause-effect)

30. Level of Evidence • At least one systematic review of RCTs • At least one RCT • Well-designed, non-randomized trials • Well-designed, non-experimental *for both studies • Opinions of respected authorities, clinical evidence, descriptive studies

31. Method Dembicki & Anderson (1996) • Quantitative study: • Convenience sample of 127 seniors (60+) • Cross-sectional design • Statistical data analysis Raina et al. (1999) • Quantitative study: • Stratified random sample of 1054 adults (65+) • Longitudinal design • Statistical data analysis

32. Results Dembicki & Anderson (1996) • Hypothesis that pet ownership leads to improved self-care was not supported BUT: • Pet owners were at lower risk for cardiovascular problems Raina et al. (1999) • ADL level of non-owners deteriorated more within one year BUT: • Pet-owners younger than non-owners

33. Relevance to Question • How does pet ownership among older adultsaffect their occupational performance in self-care, productivity and leisure?

34. Relevance for OS *of both studies • More well-designed studies needed to examine the link between pet ownership and self-care • Self-care should be uniformly defined • Adults in the age range 65+ and adults in the age range 80+ should be studied separately

35. Appraisal of Current Research • Original question: • How does pet ownership among older adults affect their occupational performance in the domains of self-care, productivity, and leisure? • 19 relevant articles reviewed • Self-care • Productivity • Leisure • Mediating factors

36. Pet Ownership & Self-Care • Few articles addressed impact of pet ownership on self-care • Older adults with pet found to have higher ADL scores than older adults without pets (Raina et al.,1999) • Pets may have role in helping structuring daily routines and responsibilities (Allen, Kellegrew, & Jaffe, 2000)

37. Pet Ownership & Productivity • Productivity in terms of pet ownership • Structure of daily routines including pet maintenance occupations (Allen, Kellegrew, & Jaffe, 2000; Johnson & Meadows, 2002) • Feeding pet • Grooming pet • Veterinary appointments

38. Pet Ownership & Leisure • Most articles researched impact of pet ownership on leisure occupations • Facilitating social interactions (Allen, Kellegrew, & Jaffe, 2000; Cutt et al., 2007; Knight & Edwards, 2008; Johnson & Meadows, 2002; Miller, Staats, & Partlo, 1992; Wood et al., 2007a; Wood et al., 2007b) • Association with increased exercise (Cutt et al., 2007; Brown & Rhodes, 2006; Knight & Edwards, 2008; Johnson & Meadows, 2002; Thorpe et al., 2006a/b; Wood et al., 2007a; Wood et al., 2007b)

39. Mediating Factors to Pet Ownership • Some mediating factors to owning a pet and effects on occupational performance identified • Mediating factors (Brown & Rhodes, 2006; Johnson & Meadows, 2002; McNicholas et al., 2005; Pachana et al., 2005; Richeson & McMullough, 2004; Siegel, 1990) • Health factors • Environmental factors • Social factors

40. Gaps in Literature • Gaps from original question • Gaps identified through research process

41. What We Looked For: Population Older adults (≥ 65 years) Self-care Motivation for morning routine Grooming Hygiene Eating Dressing Cooking Shopping Banking Cleaning Laundry What We Found: Population 5 articles addressing pet ownership among older adults Self-care Hygiene Dressing Cooking Gaps from Original Question

42. What We Looked For: Productivity Animal maintenance Feeding Grooming Shopping Veterinary appointments Work (paid or unpaid) Leisure Social interaction Exercise Other interests What We Found: Productivity Animal maintenance Feeding Grooming Shopping Veterinary appointments Leisure Social interaction Exercise Gaps from Original Question

43. What We Looked For: Mediating factors Self esteem and motivation Health factors Sense of purpose Environmental factors Social factors Type of pet Partners/widowhood Income level Cognitive capacity Cultural norms What We Found: Mediating factors Health factors Environmental factors Social factors Gaps from Original Question

44. Modified Model

45. Gaps Identified Through Research Process • Lack of research addressing: • Understanding why or how pet ownership has the effects that it does • Unique experiences of pet ownership

46. Future Directions • Constructivist paradigm • What are the experiences of pet ownership among older adults?

47. Possible Model

48. Future Directions • Positivist paradigm • What are the differences in the frequency, duration, and type of weekly active recreational activities between dog, cat, and bird owners?

49. Application to OT • In the context of an aging population… • Pet ownership: • Physical and psychological benefits • As therapeutic intervention to enable • Self-care • Productivity • Leisure • Promote sense of well-being, productivity, and quality of life in older adult population *For more information on our presentation: http://individual.utoronto.ca/prax/petsite/

50. References • Allen, J. M. Kellegrew, D. H., & Jaffe, D. (2000). The experience of pet ownership as a meaningful occupation. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 271-278. • Brown, S. & Rhodes, R. (2006). Relationships among dog ownership and leisure-time walking in Western Canadian adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 131-136. • Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. (1997). Enabling occupation: An occupational therapy perspective. Ottawa, ON: CAOT Publications ACE. • Cutt, H., Giles-Corti, B., Knuiman, M., & Burke, V. (2007). Dog ownership, health, and physical activity: A critical review of the literature. Health & Place, 13, 261-272. • Dembicki, D. & Anderson, J. (1996). Pet ownership may be a factor in improved health of the elderly. Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 15, 15-31. • Friedmann, E. & Thomas, S. A. (1995). Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial (CAST). American Journal of Cardiology, 76, 1213-1217. • Johnson, R. A., Meadows, R. L. (2002). Older Latinos, pets, and health. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24, 609-620. • Knight, S. & Edwards, V. (2008). In the company of wolves: The physical, social, and psychological benefits of dog ownership. Journal of Aging Health, 20, 437-455. • Koivusilta,L. K.; Ojanlatva,A. (2006). To have or not to have a pet for better health?. PLoS ONE, 1, 1-9. • Kurrle, S. E., Day, R., Cameron, I. D. (2004). The perils of pet ownership: A new fall-injury risk factor. Medical Journal of Australia, 181, 682-683. • McNicholas, J., Gilbey, A., Rennie, A., Ahmedzai, S., Dono, J. A. (2005). Pet ownership and human health: a brief review of evidence and issues. British Medical Journal, 331, 1252-1254. • Merriam-Webster Online. (2008). Retrieved November 20, 2008, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/ • Miller, D., Staats, S., Partlo, C. (1992). Discriminating positive and negative aspects of pet interaction: sex differences in the older population. Social Indicators Research, 27, 363-374.