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BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology

BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology. The Senses : Classification of receptors. Receptors generally sensitive to a specific type of stimuli Types: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________. Respond to physical deformation. Respond to chemicals.

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BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology

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  1. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Classification of receptors Receptors generally sensitive to a specific type of stimuli Types: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Respond to physical deformation Respond to chemicals Respond to heat and cold Respond to tissue damage Respond to light

  2. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The General Senses: __________ __________ _____________ nerve endings: * _____ ______ ______ include warm receptors, cold receptors and nociceptors * ________ ________ flattened nerve endings for light touch and pressure * _______ ________ with dendrites wrapped around base of hair follicles respond to light touch

  3. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The General Senses: Cutaneous sensation __________ nerve endings: * _________ _________ deep pressure * _______ _______ 2-point discrimination and light touch * _______ _______ heavy continuous touch * _______ ______ * _____ _______ ____ stretch of muscle heavy/excessive tendon tension

  4. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The General Senses: Pain Nociceptors found in most all tissues except the brain! _____ _____ 12-30m/sec sharp, stabbing, short duration _____ _____ .5-2m/sec dull ache, throbbing long duration _____ _____ arises from skin, connective tissue, musclesSuperficial Deep _____ _____ arises from internal organs and is due to _____ (stretch), ______ ________ and _________. Causes feelings of poorly localized pain and nausea.

  5. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Pain Referred pain: interpreted as coming from a source other than actual source Sensory neurons from viscera and skin share interneurons and brain interprets as coming from skin Ex. Myocardial infarction (MI) is often felt as pain radiating down left arm. Important reference for diagnosing internal organ dysfunction.

  6. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Pain Pain pathways: 1st order neurons (nociceptors)2nd order neurons (projection)3rd order neurons Anesthesia and pain control:Local anesthesia – (ex. novacaine) decreased Na+ permeability General anesthesia – (ex. Ether, Nitrous oxide) cross blood-brain barrier, make plasma membrane more permeable to K+ Neuromodulators – (ex. Morphine, endorphins) affect synaptic properties of pain neurons

  7. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Special Senses: Olfaction ( ) Olfaction occurs _____ ____________________________ on patch of specialized _________. Axons ascend through ______ ______ (in w/c bone?) to _________ _______. Can detect ~_____ distinct smells, derived from a number of “primary odors” 7-50 1) __________ 2) __________3) __________ 4) __________5) __________ 6) __________7) __________

  8. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Special Senses: Olfaction ( ) Olfactory neurons _____________________________________. Like taste must be ___ _____________. Epithelium and neurons are replaced ~ ______. This is unusual for neurons.

  9. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Special Senses: Gustation ( ) Oral chemoreceptors that detect chemicals which are __ ________ (saliva) are ____ _____. Taste buds are comprised of specialized ________ ____ that synapse with _______. Associated mainly with ________. Also on lips etc.

  10. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Gustation ( ) Types of papillae: ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ (most numerous but NO taste buds here. Foliate papillae

  11. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Gustation (taste) Taste buds can detect _____ basic tastes: ________________________________________ Taste buds are “specialized” to be more sensitive to specific taste. Taste map

  12. BI 201 Human Anatomy & Physiology The Senses: Gustation (taste) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

  13. BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I What do we need to visualize the universe? • ________ that respond to light intensity • Receptors that respond to __________ • Mechanism to _____ light on receptors • Control over _______ of light striking receptors • __________ of light to receptors • ________ of receptors • ________ of organs (eyes) • Pair of organs for ________ ________ • Ability to ______________ organs

  14. What structures help protect the eye? Shade and protect (Palpebrae) protect Protective hairs Protective mucosa

  15. How do we keep our eyes moist? _____________________:Keeps eyes moistened with tears, which are formed in lacrimal gland. Palpebrae help spread tears across eyes Where do tears go? Excess tears drain via ________ into _____________, then _________________ and finally into nasal cavity Milk squirting…

  16. How do we move our eyes? Eye movements accomplished via 6 extrinsic eye muscles: * * Superior view Lateral view Which cranial nerves innervate w/c muscles?

  17. What are the layers of the eye and what are their functions? 3 distinct layers of tissue in eye: ____________Sclera & cornea ____________Choroid, etc. ____________Retina Clear light pathway

  18. How do our eyes control the amount of light entering? _________ refracts light as it head towards lens _________ is attached to ciliary body and consists of contractile tissue (smooth muscle). Coloration is due to varying amounts of melanin _____ is simply the hole in the center of the iris

  19. How do we focus the image? _____________ contains smooth muscle fibers, which allow the distortion of the lens via ________________. _____________________ are very vascular and produce ________ _________ (watery fluid in anterior compartment).

  20. How is light converted into action potentials? 3 neuronal layers of the retina: ___________________ Also ____________ and __________________

  21. ______ (~6-7 million each) Are all photoreceptors created equally? _________ (~120 million each)

  22. How is light converted into action potentials? Light causes ___________ to “bleach” and it must be recharged. The ____________ is moved to the __________________ of the retina (back to ____________)

  23. How is light converted into action potentials? The Senses: Vision Photoreceptors are rather unique in that they are __________________ as a result of stimulation. In dark (no stimulus) leaky Na+ channels. In light (stimulus) Na+ channels close and hyperpolarization occurs

  24. How do we see milions of colors with only “3 primary color” receptors? Different colors are identified by analysis of the ____________ of each of the 3 colors (RGB).

  25. Is a rose by any other color still a rose? Heritable mutation of genes coding for red/green on the ________________ result in color blindness (dichromatism) If no cones at all… If red-green color blind…

  26. BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I The Senses: Hearing ______ collects sound waves _____ ______ _______ (canal) channels sound waves __________ ______ & _________ conduct sound waves

  27. The Senses: Hearing The ____ _______ transfers sound waves to the liquid inside the _______ Three _____:________ ________ (cochlearduct)________

  28. The Senses: Hearing Sound waves vibrate basilar membrane causing ________ __ ________ Bending causes ____________ in hair cells that in turn create action potentials in synapsing neurons

  29. The Senses: Hearing Basilar membrane stiff near vestibule, responds to ______ ________ ______ (20,000 Hz). ______ _______ picked up further in to cochlear duct, with lowest frequencies (200 Hz) at apex Excess wave energy travels back down via _____ ________ and out _______ __________

  30. The Senses: Balance ______ __________ Responds to force of ________

  31. The Senses: Hearing ________ _________ Responds to movement of ____________ (fluid) in _________ _______

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