1. Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity

2. Eukaryotic Tree

5. Nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes (80s) Usually unicellular some colonial some multicellular Protozoa ingestive Algae autotrophic Fungus-like absorptive Characteristics

6. Origin of Eukaryotes • Autogeneous • Endosymbiotic

7. Secondary Endosymbiosis

8. Phylogeny of Eukarya

9. Classification

10. Supergroup: Excavata • Cytoskeleton features • Excavated groove (some) • Modified mitochondria

11. ex. Giardia (lack plastids, lack functional etc in mitochondria (mitostomes), two haploid nuclei, flagella) Supergroup: ExcavataClade2: Diplomonads

12. Supergroup: ExcavataClade2: Parabasala ex. Trichimonas (lack plastids, reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes, undulating membranes and flagella)

13. Supergroup: ExcavataClade2: Euglenozoans • Move by flagella with spiral or crysalline rod • Disc-shaped Cristae

14. Supergroup: ExcavataClade2: Euglenozoans Clade3: Kinetoplastids ex. Trypanosoma (single large mitochondria with kinetoplast)

15. Supergroup: ExcavataClade2: Euglenozoans Clade3: Euglenids ex. Euglena (anterior pocket with flagella)

16. Supergroup: SAR • DNA Sequence Data • Secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga

17. Supergroup: SARClade1: Alveolates • DNA Similarities • Membrane bounded sacs (alveoli)

18. Supergroup: SARClade1:Alveolata Clade2: Dinoflagellates Causes Red Tide (2 flagella in grooves, xanthophyll)

19. Supergroup: SARClade1: Alveolata Clade2: Apicomplexans ex. Plasmodium (parasitic, apical structure)

20. Supergroup: SARClade1: Alveolata Clade2: Ciliates (cilia), Ex. Vorticella, paramecium Cilia, two distinct types of nuclei

21. Supergroup: SARClade1: Stramenopila • Have hair-like projections on flagella • Store food as laminarin (Photosynthetic)

22. Clade2:Diatoms overlapping silica test pigments: carotene, xanthophyll Supergroup: SARClade1: Stramenopila

23. Supergroup: SARClade1: Stramenopila Clade2: Chrysophyta ex. Golden Algae Typically bi-flagellated pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

24. Clade2: Brown Algae pigments: fucoxanthin cell wall: cellulose, algin Supergroup: SARClade1:Stramenopila

25. Supergroup: SARClade1: Stramenopila Clade2: Oomycota ex. Water mold pigments:none cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic hyphae

26. Supergroup: SARClade1: Rhizaria • Thin pseudopodia used for movement and feeding

27. Supergroup: SARClade1: Rhizaria Clade2:Cercozoans Amoeboid-shaped protist with thin pseudopodia Predators found in marine freshwater, and soil

28. Supergroup: SARClade1: Rhizaria Clade2: Forams (porous shells - calcium carbonate) Both marine and freshwater (found in sand or attached – also planktonic)

29. Supergroup: SARClade1: Rhizaria Clade2:Radiolarians (fused plates – silica with axopodia) Mostly Marine (usually planktonic)

30. Supergroup: Archaeplastida • DNA Sequences • Endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium

31. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaClade2: Red Algae

32. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaClade2: Red Algae • Multicellular (most) • Pigment: phycoerythrin • Cell wall: cellulose • no flagellated stage in their life cycle • probably lost during their history • used to produce agar

33. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaClade2: Chlorophytes

34. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaClade2: Chlorophytes • Mostly Freshwater • Some marine • Some terrestrial • Unicellular, Colonial, Multicellular • Pigments:Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids • Cell walls: Cellulose

35. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaClade2: Charophytes • Similar to higher plants in color (pigment: Chlorophyll A and B and carotenoids). They are the closest relatives of land plants.

36. Supergroup: ArchaeplastidaClade2: Charophytes • Four distinctive traits that are shared with higher plants: • Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins • Peroxisome enzymes • Structure of flagellated sperm • Formation of a phragmoplast

37. Supergroup: Unikonts • Single flagella (in those that have one) • Lobed-or tube-shaped pseudopodia • Fusion of three genes

38. Supergroup: UnikontsClade1: Amoebozoans • Used for movement and feeding • Classification • Slime Molds • Plasmoidial • Cellular • Gymnamoebas (broad pseudopods) • Entamoebas (parasitic)

39. Supergroup: UnikontsClade1: AmoebozoansClade2: The Slime Molds • Clade3: Plasmoidial • Coenocytic Hyphae • (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei • Diploid

40. Supergroup: UnikontsClade1: AmoebozoansClade2: The Slime Molds • Clade3: Cellular • (feed like individual amoebas) • Septate hyphae • aggregate to breed or during stress

41. Supergroup: UnikontsClade1: Amoebozoans Clade2: Gymnamoebas ex. Amoebas

42. Supergroup: UnikontsClade1: Amoebozoans Clade2: Entamoebas ex. Entamoeba histolytica

43. Supergroup: UnikontsClade1: Opisthokonts • Unicellular and multicellular with ties to fungi and animals (DNA sequences) • Posterior location of flagellum • Classification • Nucleariids • Choanoflagellates

44. Supergroup: UnikontsClade1: OpisthokontsClade2: Nucleariids • Unicellular – lack distinctive characters • Contain a posterior flagella • Temporary pseudopods • Feed on algae and bacteria

45. Supergroup: UnikontsClade1: OpisthokontsClade2: Choanoflagellates • Unicellular or colonial • Most are suspension feeders