Chapter 9 Illegal DRUGS

1. Chapter 9Illegal DRUGS

2. Introduction • Drug - a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order animals • Narcotic drugs – analgesics (relieve pain by a depressing action on the central nervous system) • Legally a NARCOTIC is any ILLEGAL or HIGHLY REGULATED substance • Effects functions such as: • blood pressure • pulse rate • breathing rate • Regular use narcotic drugs leads to physical dependence • Most common source of narcotic drugs is opium, extracted from poppies DRUGS

3. Classes of Narcotics • Opiates • Hallucinogens • Stimulants • Depressants • Club Drugs • Anabolic Steroids

4. Opiates • Morphine - readily extracted from opium and used to synthesize heroin • Addicts often dissolve heroin in water by heating it in a spoon, and injecting it into the skin • Heroin produces a “high” that is accompanied by drowsiness and a sense of well-being that generally last 3-4 hours • Codeine is also present in opium, but it is usually prepared synthetically from morphine DRUGS

5. Other Opiates • OxyContin, with the active ingredient oxycodone, is not derived from opium or morphine, but does have the same physiological effects on the body as do opium narcotics • OxyContin is prescribed to a million patients for treatment of chronic pain • Methadone is another well-known synthetic opiate • Pharmacologically related to heroin, appears to eliminate the addict’s desire for heroin while producing minimal side effects • Used to treat heroin addicts DRUGS

6. Hallucinogens • Hallucinogens - cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods • Marijuana - most well-known member of this class • The most controversial drug in this class • Long-term effects on health are still largely unknown DRUGS

7. Hallucinogens: Marijuana • Marijuana - derived from the plant Cannabis. • Active chemical substance responsible for effects is tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC • THC content decreases in the plant in the following sequence: • Resin (hashish) • Flowers • Leaves • Stem, roots, or seeds • Marijuana does not cause physical dependency, but the risk of harm is in heavy, long-term use More DRUGS Less

8. Other Hallucinogens (LSD, PCP) • LSD - synthesized from lysergic acid • can cause hallucinations that can last for 12 hours • Phencyclidine, or PCP - often synthesized in clandestine laboratories • often smoked, ingested, or sniffed • often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine • sold as a powder (“angle dust”), capsule, or tablet • Oral intake of PCP first leads to feelings of strength and invulnerability, which may turn to depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide • Mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA (Ecstasy) are also hallucinogens DRUGS

9. Depressants • Depressants - substances used to depress the functions of the central nervous system • Calm irritability and anxiety • May induce sleep • Depressants include: • Alcohol (ethanol) • Barbiturates • Tranquilizers • various other substances that can be sniffed (airplane glue, model cement, or aerosol gas propellants such as freon) DRUGS

10. Depressants • Alcohol (ethyl alcohol) • enters the body’s bloodstream and quickly travels to the brain • acts to suppress the brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordination • Barbiturates, or “downers,” • Normally taken orally and create a feeling of well-being, relax the body, and produce sleep • Tranquilizers - unlike barbiturates they produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducing sleep • Sniffing has immediate effects such as exhilaration, but impairs judgment and may cause liver, heart, and brain damage or even death DRUGS

11. Stimulants • Stimulants include amphetamines, sometimes known as “uppers” or “speed,” and cocaine, which in its free-base form is known as crack • Stimulants - substances taken to increase alertness or activity, followed by a decrease in fatigue and a loss of appetite DRUGS

12. Stimulants • Amphetamine and methamphetamine • Often injected intravenously • Cause an initial “rush,” followed by an intense feeling of pleasure followed by a period of exhaustion and a prolonged period of depression • Cocaine • Extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylin coca • Causes increased alertness and vigor, accompanied by the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom • Crack is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated • Often smoked in glass pipes, and, like cocaine, stimulates the brain’s pleasure center DRUGS

13. Club Drugs • The term club drugs refers to synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night dance parties) • Club Drugs include, but are not limited to: • MDMA (Ecstasy) • GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate) • Rohypnol (“Roofies”) • Ketamine • Methamphetamine • GHB and Rohypnol are central nervous system depressants that are often connected with drug-facilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery DRUGS

14. Club Drugs • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also known as MDMA or Ecstasy, is a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects • Enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions; • However, seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure often accompany chronic abuse. • Ketamine - primarily used as a veterinary animal anesthetic that in humans causes euphoria and hallucinations • Can also cause impaired motor functions, high blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory depression DRUGS

15. Anabolic Steroids • Anabolic Steroids - Synthetic compounds chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone • Often abused by individuals who are interested in accelerating muscle growth • Side effects include: • Unpredictable effects on mood and personality • Depression • Diminished sex drive • Halting bone growth • Liver cancer DRUGS

16. Schedules of Classification

17. Schedules of Classification • Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and have no currently accepted medical use such as heroin, marijuana, methaqualone and LSD. • Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse and have medical use with severe restrictions such as cocaine, PCP, and most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions. • Schedule III drugs have less potential for abuse and a currently accepted medical use such as all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under Schedule II, codeine, and anabolic steroids. DRUGS

18. Schedules of Classification • Schedule IV drugs have a low potential for abuse and have a current medical use such as darvon, phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium). • Schedule V drugs must show low abuse potential and have medical use such as opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients. DRUGS

19. Drug-Control Laws • The U.S. federal law known as the Controlled Substances Actwill serve to illustrate a legal drug-classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse. • This federal law establishes five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances on the basis of a drug’s: • potential for abuse • potential for physical and psychological dependence • medical value DRUGS

20. Drug Identification • The challenge or difficulty of forensic drug identification comes in selecting analytical procedures that will ensure a specific identification of a drug. • This plan, or scheme of analysis, is divided into two phases. • Screening test that is nonspecific and preliminary in nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable number. • Confirmation test that is a single test that specifically identifies a substance. DRUGS

21. Preliminary Analysis • Faced with the prospect that the unknown substance may be any one of a thousand or more commonly encountered drugs, the analyst must employ screening tests to reduce these possibilities to a small and manageable number • This objective is often accomplished by subjecting the material to a series of color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more commonly encountered illicit drugs • Microcrystalline tests can also be used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents. DRUGS

22. Confirmational Determination • Once this preliminary analysis is completed, a confirmational determination is pursued. • Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances. • Typically infrared spectrophotometry or mass spectrometry is used to specifically identify a drug substance. DRUGS

23. Collection and Preservation • The field investigator has the responsibility of ensuring that the evidence is properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory. • Generally common sense is the best guide, keeping in mind that the package must prevent the loss of the contents and/or cross-contamination. • Often the original container in which the drug was seized will suffice. • All packages must be marked with information that is sufficient to ensure identification by the officer in the future and establish the chain of custody. DRUGS

24. Think • What is one of the most commonly abused drug in America?

25. Alcohol and Driving - BAC • At a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.08%, a person is 4 times more likely to be involved in an accident • Blood test for BAC – does this violate Fifth Amendment rights? • Schmerber vs. California • decided that 5th amendment only applies to testimonial evidence (cant testify against yourself) • Confounding Circumstances: • Arterial BAC greater than Venous BAC while alcohol is still being absorbed (can give false negative) • Why?

26. Rate of Absorption of Alcohol • Dependent upon: • Quantity of alcohol consumed • Time over which alcohol was consumed • Form of alcohol • Contents of stomach • The more alcohol consumed, the faster it gets absorbed, the faster it is consumed, the faster it enters the blood • Although alcohol gets absorbed by the small intestine, it is possible for absorption to occur in the stomach

27. Rate of Elimination • The body eliminates alcohol by excretion (breathing, sweating, urination) and oxidation (in liver  turned into CO2 and H2O) • RoE = 0.01 + 0.014(weight/300 lb) • Calculate your rate of elimination. • What is the determining factor? What does it mean? • Does a glass of wine have less alcohol than a can of beer?

28. A Drink Is A Drink • Beer: 10-12oz at 4-5% • EQUALS • Wine cooler: 8-12oz at 4-6% • EQUALS • Table wine: 4-5oz at 9-12% • EQUALS • Fortified wine: 2.5oz at 20% • EQUALS • 80 proof Spirits: 1.25oz at 40% • EQUALS • 100 proof Spirits: 1 oz at 50% A drink is defined as having 1/2oz of pure ethyl alcohol Ounce (oz) at % (of alcohol) after ONE HOUR of drinking Proof / 2 = % ETOH

29. Calculating BAC • % BAC (g/100mL) = 0.10 x MA/(VD x MB) • MA = mass of alcohol (g) • VD = volume of distribution (L/kg) (Men: 0.7L/kg; Women: 0.6L/kg) • MB = body mass (kg) (body weight in pounds/2.2) • MA for liquor (proofs) • MA = ounces of liquor x proof/200 x 28.4g/oz x 0.80g/mL • OR • = 0.11 x ounces of liquor x proof • MA for wine/beer • MA = ounces of liquor x percent/100 x 28.4g/oz x 0.80g/mL • OR • = 0.23 x ounces of liquor x percent • Question 4 and 5: TWO CASES

30. Calculate your BAC and RoE • After drinking 2 shots of 151 Rum, what is your BAC? • Is it over the legal limit (0.08%, over 21; 0.02-0.07% under 21)? • If so, how long will it take to sober up? (use RoE from before) • RoE = 0.01 + 0.014(weight/300 lb)

31. DWI – Two Steps • Field evaluation of suspected Drunk Driver • Erratic behavior of vehicle • Stopped at a checkpoint • Requires probable cause • Field sobriety test (NHTSA recommends 3) • Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN)** most reliable (involuntary) • Walk-and-Turn (WAT) • One-leg stand (OLS) • Act of Driving gives “implied consent” (NOT STANDARD PROCEDURE) • Breathalyzer, Intoxilyzer (IR), Electrochemical Instruments (used to calculate BAC) • Blood is 2100x concentration of breath (controlled by body temp – same for everyone) • Newest breathalyzers combine IR with fuel cell technology • A second Breathalyzer test will be done at the police station. Why?

32. Movie Suggestions • Blow • American GangstAR • Requiem for a Dream