1. Human biology and pathology

2. General pathology • Definition • It is combination of two Latin words • Pathos meaning disease • Logos meaning study Pathology is a branch of medicine that deals with the nature of disease. the study of the structural, biochemical, and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease

3. General pathology • reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli • reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli • Systemic pathology • alterations in specialized organs and tissues that are responsible for disorders that involve these organs

4. Etiology (cause) • Pathogenesis (mechanisms of its development ) • Molecular and morphologic changes (biochemical and structural alterations induced in the cells and organs of the body) • Clinical manifestations (functional consequences of these changes)

5. Course contents • Basic Molecular Biology • Basic Pathology* • Principles and practice of molecular pathology* • Molecular Biology of the Cell • Concepts in molecular biology • Concepts in genetics • Understanding molecular pathogenesis* • Clinical pathology* • Introduction to Bio-Informatics • Applied Comparative Pathology*

6. Clinical proteomics and molecular pathology* • Integration of molecular and cellular pathogenesis* • Molecular pathology of human diseases* • Molecular basis of diseases of pathology of immunity* • Infection and host response* • Molecular mechanism of cell death*

7. Modern Drug Discovery Technologies • Practical Histopathology and Mouse Models of Human Disease • Microbial pathogenesis* • Modern Methods in Molecular Pathology* • Molecular Pathology of Cancer* • Biological Therapies • Molecular diagnosis of Infection • The human epigenome

8. Lab Work • DNA Extraction RNA extraction • Blood group Test • Blood Sugar test • PAGE • Histopathology • ELISA • ImmunoHistochemistry

12. Hypertrophy • Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an increase in the size of the organ. • Synthesis of more structural proteins • May be physiological • Breast and uterus • LVH • Skeletal muscle • Pathological • Uterus under influence of estrogen secreted by ovarian cancer

13. Limitations of the hypertrophy • Vascular supply • Diminished oxidative capability of the mitochondria • Altered protein synthesis and degradation

14. Hyperplasia • Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organor tissue, usually resulting in increased volume of the organor tissue. • Hormonal (breast, uterine muscles) • Tissue loss (kidney, liver) Mechanism of hyperplaia is by mitotic division

15. Normal myocyte Reversible cell injury Adaptation Hypertrophied myocyte Cell death

16. Atrophy • Atrophy is reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number • Physiological • Decreased workload • Inadequate nutrition • Aging • Pathological • Loss of innervation • Loss of endocrine stimulation • Diminished blood supply

17. Mechanism of atrophy • Increased degradation or decreased synthesis of cellular proteins • Hormones (insulin, thyroid hormones, glucodorticoids and prostaglandins) Examples of atrophy • Thymus atrophy • Gonadal atrophy with age • Starvation • Disuse atrophy • Denervation • Diminished blood supply • Pressure

18. Metaplasia • Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type • an adaptive substitution of cells that are sensitive to stress by cell types better able to withstand the adverse environment

19. Causes • Chronic irritation • Chronic inflammation • Vit A deficiency • Examples • Epithelial metaplasia • Columnar to squamousmetaplasia (trachea, bronchi) . • Atypical metaplasia.

20. Histology of trachea