Enzymes

1. Enzymes Specific Outcome: describe the chemical nature of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & their enzymes

2. Vitamins & Minerals Vitamins Minerals • Organic; required in small amounts; serve as co-enzymes; involved in tissue development & disease resistance • Inorganic; required in small amounts; serve as co-enzymes; enable reactions to occur; help build bone & cartilage; essential component of hemoglobin, hormones, enzymes

3. Enzymes • Catalysts… • Can increase reaction rates without increasing temperature • Speeds up but isn’t used up • Lowers the amount of energy needed to initiate reactions Increasing temperature increases the rate of reactions In living things, increasing ones temperature is a major drawback Denature proteins Disrupt biochemical reactions Fatal

4. Reaction Rates Cells manufacture specific proteins (enzymes) Specific 3D shape for reactant molecule Physically fits with substrate The part that binds to the substrate is called the active site

5. Regulation of Enzymatic Activity Feedback Inhibition Precursor Activity Allosteric Activity

6. Feedback Inhibition • Non-Competitive Inhibition • Molecule binds to another site on the enzyme Product resembles substrate and “competes” for the active site; inhibits the enzyme by blocking the active site

7. Allosteric Regulation Regulator molecule binds to another site called the allosteric site Re-adjusts shape Can be negative or positive

8. Precursor Activity Activation of last enzyme in metabolic pathway by initial substrate

9. Temperature & pH Temp too Low: bonds not flexible Temp too high: denatures Optimal temp in humans is narrow