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Announcements

Announcements. Bender guest lecture POSTPONED till March 9 (final day) Today: Pidgins and Creoles Friday 3/2: Historical Lx 1 Monday 3/5: Historical Lx 2 Wednesday 3/7: Final Exam Discussion and Review Friday 3/9: Computational Lx (Bender). Today. Language contact Pidgins and creoles

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Announcements

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  1. Announcements • Bender guest lecture POSTPONED till March 9 (final day) • Today: Pidgins and Creoles • Friday 3/2: Historical Lx 1 • Monday 3/5: Historical Lx 2 • Wednesday 3/7: Final Exam Discussion and Review • Friday 3/9: Computational Lx (Bender)

  2. Today • Language contact • Pidgins and creoles Readings: 11.1-11.3

  3. Language contact • Situation in which groups of speakers of different languages come into contact with one another, e.g., • geography • conquest • trade

  4. Language Contact--Outcomes What happens when cultures with different languages come into contact? A. Widespread bilingualism (usually with code-switching) B. Selection of a lingua franca: Any language used to enable communication between groups of people with differing native languages. (natural or constructed languages) Two possible strategies: (1) Employ an already existing language a. natural (e.g., Swahili, English) b. artificial (e.g., Esperanto) (2) Form new language…

  5. Terminology • Adstrates: languages in contact that have equal prestige AdstrateAdstrate English Norse • Superstrate: language of dominant group • Lexifier language: the input language that provided most of the basic vocabulary or lexicon. (aka "superstrate") • Substrate: language of the less dominant or subordinate group. Typically provides most of the phonological, and usually, grammatical features. SuperstrateSubstrate English Native Am. Langs.

  6. Pidgin • One type of lingua franca. A language which arises to fulfill restricted and ongoing needs for communication among people who have no common language. • Often arises when there is a long-term need to communicate (i.e., in trade/business) e.g., Chinook Jargon • Not the primary language of their speakers (i.e., learned as 2nd lang)

  7. Allows either word order: Mi bammy eat. Mi eat bammy. “I eat the cassava.” Structural features of a PIDGIN x no strict word order  single set of pronouns x no complex sentences x no determiners x no grammatical gender x no inflectional morphology  plurals: noun + 3rd person pronoun

  8. Creole • A language that comes about by prolonged use and nativization, usually arising when parents transmit a pidgin to their children, and the pidgin becomes the child's native language. This language undergoes rapid expansion because it must meet all the communicative needs of the native speaker. • Often arises from a pidgin that is adopted as first/native language

  9. Jamaican Creole: only one word order is allowed: Mi a-go tel shi se mi waa nyam di bammy. 1sg FUT tell 3sg COMP 1sg want eat DET cassava. “I will tell her that I want to eat the cassava.” Structural differences: Ps vs. Cs PidginsCreoles x tolerates extensive grammatical variation  single set of pronouns x complex sentences x no determiners x no grammatical gender x no inflectional morphology  plurals: noun + 3rd person pronoun  strict word order  single set of pronouns  complex sentences  determiners x no grammatical gender  inflectional morphology  plurals: noun + 3rd person pronoun

  10. Emergence of Pidgins and Creoles PIDGINCREOLE Arises from:sudden accelerated disruption language change language contact parental (2 or more) transmission need is long-term need is but restricted comprehensive not a first language first language Characteristics: no frills fully developed system chaotic structure stable derivative 1 + 1 = 3??

  11. How have Pidgins and Creoles Gotten their Names? Chinese Pidgin English CameroonPidginEnglish (Cameroon, W. Africa) LouisianaCreoleFrench (Louisiana, USA) BerbiceCreoleDutch (Berbice County, Guyana) NauruChinesePidginEnglish (Nauru, New Zealand) BombayCreolePortuguese (Maharastra, India) JamaicanCreole (Jamaica, West Indies) Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea) Sranan (Suriname) Afrikaans (South Africa) Samaná (Dominican Republic) Bislama (Vanuatu) Kreyól (Haiti) location typelexifier

  12. Distribution of Lexifier Languages Q: How many creole languages are there in the world? A: ~100 (spoken natively by ~6 million people) Q: What languages have combined to form the superstrate for creole languages in the world? A: English--35 African languages--17 French--15 Portuguese--14 Spanish--7 German--6 Amerindian--6 Dutch--5 Arabic--4 Italian--3 Russian--2

  13. Jamaican Creole Sociolinguistics dialects form a “post-creole continuum”: phonology, morphology, lexicon, and syntax phonology only A = Copula verb “to be”

  14. Continuum examples Bob Marley, “Real Situation” Lieutenant Stitchie, “The Cab” Check out the real situation Nation war against nation Where did it all begin Where will it end Well it seems like total destruction No real solution And there ain’t no use No one can stop them now There ain’t no use Nobody can stop us now Give them an inch... Slam bam, tank yu maam Cab, an a di nuu yut-dem a demand a gran slam Stitchie and di girl-dem cab service Girl pickni bruok out ina dis Listen dis, Hiir mi nuo, come Mi cab a-come, sii mi cab a-come bwai Han go dung a mek i cab slow dung Mi cab a-come, sii mi cab a-come close An di cyab-man hafi draw dung Drive mi guud ya, man How yu a drive mi so long…

  15. Continuum examples Bob Marley, “Real Situation” Check out the real situation Nation warø against nation Where did it all begin Where will it end Well it seems like total destruction No real solution And there ain’t no use No one can stop them now There ain’t no use Nobody can stop us now Give them an inch... Lieutenant Stitchie, “The Cab” Slam bam, tank yu maam Cab, an a di nuu yut-dema demand a gran slam Stitchie and di girl-dem cab service Girl pickni bruok out ina dis Listen dis, Hiir mi nuo, come Mi cab a-come, sii mi cab a-come bwai Han go dung a mek i cab slow dung Mi cab a-come, sii mi cab a-come close An di cyab-man hafi draw dung Drive mi guud ya, man How yu a drive mi so long…

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