1. Unit 4 Warm Ups Mrs. Hilliard

2. DNA and Macromolecules • What is the main function of carbohydrates? • What is the process called in which genetic information in an RNA molecule is read to make a protein? • What is the molecule that stores instructions for making proteins in the cell? • What are proteins made up of? • What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

3. DNA and Macromolecules • What is the main function of carbohydrates? Short-term energy storage • What is the process called in which genetic information in an RNA molecule is read to make a protein? Translation • What is the molecule that stores instructions for making proteins in the cell? DNA • What are proteins made up of? Amino acids • What are the differences between DNA and RNA? DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose, DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded, DNA contains Thymine and RNA contains Uracil, DNA is only involved in transcription and RNA is involved in transcription and translation

4. DNA • If the DNA is blocked from transcription, what would it also prevent? • If research supports that some toxic chemicals change DNA base sequences, why would people not use those chemicals? • Are all mutations harmful? • A gene for pesticide resistance has been inserted into a strawberry plant, what would the result be if pesticide was sprayed on the plant? • List the correct order of how proteins are made.

5. DNA • If the DNA is blocked from transcription, what would it also prevent? mRNA would not be able to move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes to make proteins • If research supports that some toxic chemicals change DNA base sequences, why would people not use those chemicals? Because they could cause mutations in people • Are all mutations harmful? No they can be harmful or beneficial • A gene for pesticide resistance has been inserted into a strawberry plant, what would the result be if pesticide was sprayed on the plant? The plant would be resistant to the pesticide • List the correct order of how proteins are made. DNA RNA Proteins

6. Macromolecules • Which macromolecule is used for long-term energy storage and make up the cell membrane? • What are all the macromolecules? • Give two functions for each macromolecule. • What are each macromolecule made of? • What uses or is made of each macromolecule? • Give an example of each macromolecule.

7. Macromolecules • Which macromolecule is used for long-term energy storage and make up the cell membrane? lipids • What are all the macromolecules? Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids • Give two functions for each macromolecule. Lipids-long term energy storage and make up cell membrane, Carbohydrates- short-term energy storage, used for structural support (cellulose and chitin), cell recognition; Proteins-provide structure and support, enable movement, aid in communication and transportation, help carry out important chemical reactions (enzymes); Nucleic acids-contain genetic information, energy source for cells • What are each macromolecule made of? Carbohydrates- C, H, O, monomer is monosaccharides; Lipids- C, H, monomer-fatty acids and glycerol; Proteins- C, H, O, N, monomer- amino acids; Nucleic Acids- C, H, O, N, P, monomer- nucleotides • What uses or is made of each macromolecule? Carbohydrates- cell wall (cellulose) lobster and crab shells (chitin); Proteins- Microtubules, microfilaments, enzymes; Lipids- cell membrane; Nucleic acids- DNA and RNA • Give an example of each macromolecule. Carbohydrates- glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, chitin; Lipids- fats, steroids, waxes, phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane) ; proteins-enzymes, membrane proteins, microtubules and microfilaments; nucleic acids-DNA. RNA

8. DNA • What is one of the best sources of evidence for a common ancestor for species? • What are the organelles that are used to make proteins? • What is technology that changes the genetic material of a living cell called? • What would gel electrophoresis be used for? • From the DNA sequence below, what is the mRNA sequence when the gene is transcribed? AGG TAC CCT ATC • What is the tRNA sequence that is produced when the gene is translated? • What will the amino acid sequence be? • What does each letter in the DNA sequence represent?

9. DNA • What is one of the best sources of evidence for a common ancestor for species? DNA coding • What are the organelles that are used to make proteins? Ribosome, endoplastic reticulum, golgi apparatus, cell membrane • What is technology that changes the genetic material of a living cell called? Genetic engineering • What would gel electrophoresis be used for? Forensics (identify criminal or unknown individual), determine paternity • From the DNA sequence below, what is the mRNA sequence when the gene is transcribed? AGG TAC CCT ATC UCC AUG GGA UAG • What is the tRNA sequence that is produced when the gene is translated? AGG UAC CCU AUC • What will the amino acid sequence be? Arg, Tyr, Pro, Iso • What does each letter in the DNA sequence represent? A nucleotide with a specific nitrogen base

10. Mutations • The type of mutation that causes a change in the nucleotide sequence but not a change in the amino acid is called what? • What type of mutation causes the largest change in the genome? • In what type of cell are mutations inherited? • What type of mutation in the nucleotides would cause the least changes in the amino acids produced from the sequence ATTACGTTG? AT(A)ACGTTG, ATTA(T)GTTG, ATTACG(A)CTG • If human DNA is inserted into bacterial DNA and the bacteria reproduce, what will happen? • What is the amino acid sequence that would be produced from the DNA sequence below if there were no mutations? TACGGCAACGGA • If insects were sprayed using an insecticide, what would be the best explanation for the decrease in insecticide effectiveness over a period of time from the graph below? Spray starts Spray ends

11. Mutations • The type of mutation that causes a change in the nucleotide sequence but not a change in the amino acid is called what? Silent mutation • What type of mutation causes the largest change in the genome? Chromosomal mutation • In what type of cell are mutations inherited? Gamete (sex cells) • What type of mutation in the nucleotides would cause the least changes in the amino acids produced from the sequence ATTACGTTG? AT(A)ACGTTG, ATTA(T)GTTG, ATTACG(A)CTG AT(A)ACGTTG- no change to amino acid sequence • If human DNA is inserted into bacterial DNA and the bacteria reproduce, what will happen? The inserted human DNA may cause the bacteria to make human proteins. (Human Insulin made by bacteria) • What is the amino acid sequence that would be produced from the DNA sequence below if there were no mutations? TACGGCAACGGA Tyr, Gly, Asp, Gly • If insects were sprayed using an insecticide, what would be the best explanation for the decrease in insecticide effectiveness over a period of time from the graph below? A natural genetic variation allowed some mosquitoes to survive and produce offspring that were resistant. Spray starts Spray ends