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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms, typically in the form of sugars (C(H2O)). They serve as key energy sources and structural components in living organisms. Common types include monosaccharides like glucose and ribose, disaccharides such as sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Carbohydrates play essential roles in energy storage and supply. The structural diversity, including branching and isomers, emphasizes their varied functions in different biological contexts.

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Carbohydrates

  2. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates __________________________

  3. sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 • Function: • ____________u____________ • ____________u____________ • Monomer: sugars • ex: sugars, starches, cellulose (CH2O)x C6H12O6

  4. H O C CH2OH CH2OH C OH O H H O H H H OH H OH H C H HO OH HO HO H H H OH OH H Glyceraldehyde Glucose Ribose Sugars • Most names for sugars end in _________ • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 5 3

  5. Functional groups determine function carbonyl _________ carbonyl _________

  6. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutionsin biology? In cells! Carbons are numbered

  7. Numbered carbons C C O C C C C energy stored in C-C bonds

  8. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • ____________________ • _______________________ • _______________________ • ____________________ • _______________________ • _______________________ • ____________________ • _______________________ • _______________________

  9. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose ________________

  10. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar)

  11. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • ___________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • in liver & muscles • ___________________ • ______________________ • ______________________

  12. Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release __________ __________ What doesbranching do? energystorage __________ __________ fast release

  13. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose • isomers of glucose • structure determines function…

  14. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  15. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth • herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose • most carnivores have not • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • _____________________________ But it tasteslike hay!Who can liveon this stuff?!

  16. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

  17. Helpful bacteria • How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Caprophage Tell me aboutthe rabbits,again, George! I eatWHAT! Ruminants

  18. EAT X Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

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