The Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations

1. The Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations Class 3: Introduction to International Relations Eva wishanti

2. Introduction International Relations (IR) After Two World Wars War Realism : state, power World Politics diversity Pluralism

3. Six Periods of Historical Context of Contemporary International Relations • Before 1648 • After Westphalia • Nineteenth Century Europe • Interwar Years • The Cold War • The Post-Cold War

4. History and Philosophy • Greek’s (political) philosophy • Renaissance Periodisasi Sejarah Penting dalam HI A Series of world events • First World War • Second World War • Cold War The world in the 21st century • Changing world order • New challenges

8. Before 1648:The Pre-Westphalian World • The Sovereignties of the Greek city-states (400 B.C.) • Imperialism by The Roman Empire (50 B.C – 400 A.D.) • Centralization & Decentralization in the Middle Ages (400 – 1000) Three civilizations: Arabic, Byzantine, Europe • The development of transnational networks in the Late Middle Ages (1000 – 1500) a. Transnational Business Community b. Individualist & Humanist c. Writers on Classic Literature

9. Munculnya sistem Westphalia : Nation - States • Development of practical sovereignty Sovereignty by Jean Bodin: absolute and perpetual power • The Growth of Military Control The Thirty-years war ⇒ Treaty of Westphalia • The Emergence of Capitalist Economic System Adam Smith: Invisible Hand of the Market ⇒ Capitalism

11. Europe in the Nineteenth Century • The Aftermath of Revolution: Core Principles - Legitimacy - Nationalism • Peace at the Core of the European System - Solidarity sharing among European - Fear of Revolution among independent states - Unification of Germany and Italy • Balance of Power Independent European states counteract predominant states • The Breakdown: Solidification of Alliances The end of Balance of Power system

12. Interwar Years and World War II • Three Empires are Weakened Russia ⇒ New leader and new ideology Austro-Hungary ⇒ Replaced by new states Ottoman ⇒ Reconfigured and ousted from Europe • Fascism in Germany - Mobilized support from the masses - Superior civilization • The Weakness of League of Nations - Prevent all future wars - No political weight, legal instruments, legitimacy

13. The Cold War • Origins of the Cold War - The emergence of two superpowers: United States and Soviet Union - The incompatibilities in national interests and ideology - The end of colonial system - The realization of indirectly conflict • The Cold War as a Series of Confrontations - High level tension with no military conflict - Confrontations between proxies - Confrontations between two blocs: NATO vs. Warsaw Pact • The Cold War as a Long Peace John Lewis Gaddis: to dramatize the absence of war between superpowers

14. The Post-Cold War • The Continuity of Glasnost and Perestroika in Soviet - Glasnost: Political Openness - Perestroika: Economic Restructuring • Changes of Soviet Foreign Policy - Cooperate in multilateral activities to preserve regional security - Mark the post-Cold War era • Iraq Invasion of Kuwait in 1990 - The test of New World Order - U.N. Security Council ⇒ Economic sanctions • The Disintegration of Yugoslavia - Disintegrates into independent states - Bosnia-Kosovo civil war leading to U.N. and NATO action

15. SUMMARY: Learning from History • How can we begin to predict what the current era is or what the future will bring? • How core concepts of international relations – the state, sovereignty, the nation, and the international system- have emerged and evolved over time?