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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Respiratory Diseases and Disorders. Anatomy and Physiology. Chest, lungs, and conducting airways Two parts: Upper respiratory system consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx Lower respiratory system consists of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Respiratory Diseases and Disorders

  2. Anatomy and Physiology • Chest, lungs, and conducting airways • Two parts: • Upper respiratory system consists of nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx • Lower respiratory system consists of trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

  3. Anatomy and Physiology • Alveoli • Place of carbon dioxide-oxygen exchange • Inhalation and exhalation • Air movement in and out of lungs

  4. Animation Click Here to Play Respiration Animation

  5. Common Signs and Symptoms • Dyspnea • Orthopnea • Apnea • Wheezing • Coughing • Nasal discharge

  6. Diagnostic Tests • Auscultation • Breathing quality and rate • Tachypnea • Rapid respirations • Rales • Musical sounds heard on inhalation • Also known as crackles

  7. Diagnostic Tests • Auscultation • Rhonchi • Rattling sounds in bronchi due to obstruction

  8. Diagnostic Tests • Chest x-ray • Sputum culture • Tissue biopsy • Bronchoscopy • Arterial blood gases • Pulmonary function tests

  9. Bronchoscopy

  10. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract • Most disorders of upper respiratory system not life-threatening • Upper respiratory infection (URI) • Most commonly caused by rhinovirus

  11. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract • URI • Treatment: • Rest • Fluids • Antipyretics • Analgesics • Antibiotics for secondary infections

  12. Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract • Common cold • Acute rhinitis • Hay fever • Allergic rhinitis • Sinusitis • Pharyngitis • Laryngitis

  13. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Diseases usually more severe than URIs • Many can be life-threatening • Often more dangerous in older populations

  14. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Asthma • Hypersensitivity reaction results in constriction of bronchi leading to difficulty breathing • Episodes of wheezing and dyspnea • Treatment: • Determine allergic factors and bronchodilators

  15. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Acute bronchitis • Inflammation of lining of bronchus • Short-term following URI • Symptoms: • Fever • Tight feeling behind sternum • Productive cough

  16. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Acute bronchitis • Treatment: • Rest • Increased fluids • Cough syrup • Antipyretics • Analgesics • Antibiotics for secondary infections

  17. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Influenza • Highly contagious respiratory infection • Symptoms: • Onset of fever, chills, and headache • Back and muscle pain • Cough, runny nose, sore throat, and sneezing • Hoarseness • Nausea and vomiting • Diarrhea

  18. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Influenza • Viral disease with many strains spread by coughing of respiratory secretions • Symptomatic treatment: • Rest • Analgesics • Antipyretics • Antivirals

  19. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) • Group of pulmonary diseases primarily due to cigarette smoking • Two most common types: • Chronic bronchitis • Emphysema • Diagnosis by history and physical, chest x-ray, pulmonary function tests, and arterial blood gases

  20. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • COPD • Symptomatic treatment: • Bronchodilators • Mucolytics • Cough suppressants • Inhalers • Avoidance of contact with people with URIs

  21. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Atelectasis • Collapse or airless state of all or part of lung • Causes: • Surgical pain • Fractured ribs • Blockage of airway by mucus plug

  22. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Atelectasis • Treatment: • Analgesics for pain • Ambulation • Frequent deep breathing and coughing

  23. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Pneumonia • Inflammation of bronchioles and alveoli due to infection by bacteria, virus, or other pathogen • Pneumonitis • Inflammation without infection • Symptoms related to area and tissue involved

  24. Pneumonia

  25. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Pneumonia • Diagnosis by history and physical, chest x-ray, and sputum culture • Treatment depends on cause

  26. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Pulmonary abscess • Collection of infectious material within capsule • May be complication of bacterial pneumonia, aspiration of food, or foreign body

  27. Pulmonary Abscess

  28. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Pulmonary abscess • Symptoms: • Chills • Fever • Chest pain • Cough

  29. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Pulmonary abscess • Treatment: • Long-term antibiotic therapy • Surgical resection if large area or unsuccessful antibiotic therapy

  30. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) • Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Acquired by breathing air infected with bacteria or by coughing and sneezing • Diagnosis by skin testing, chest x-ray, and sputum culture • Extended antibiotic therapy

  31. Tuberculosis

  32. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • Follows episode of severe trauma • Causes acute respiratory failure needing mechanical ventilation • High mortality rate even with proper treatment

  33. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) • Severe, easily transmissible new disease • Caused by previously unknown type of coronavirus • Antibiotics ineffectual • Virus • May require ventilatory support

  34. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Lung cancer • Leading cause of cancer deaths in United States • Often asymptomatic until metastasizes to brain, bone, and liver • Most often caused by cigarette smoking

  35. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Lung cancer • Symptoms: • Dyspnea • Coughing • Hemoptysis • Diagnosis by x-ray and tissue biopsy

  36. Diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs • Lung cancer • Treatment: • Chemotherapy • Radiation • Surgery

  37. Diseases of Pleura and Chest • May be caused by infection, trauma, or other diseases • Symptoms: • Pain • Shortness of breath

  38. Diseases of Pleura and Chest • Common diseases: • Pleurisy (pleuritis) • Pneumothorax • Air in pleural cavity • Hemothorax • Blood in chest cavity

  39. Diseases of Pleura and Chest • Common diseases: • Pleural effusion (hydrothorax) • Fluid in chest • Empyema • Pus in chest cavity

  40. Pneumothorax

  41. Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems • Pulmonary embolism (PE) • Sudden blockage of artery by embolism • Pulmonary edema • Tissues and air spaces of lungs fill with fluid • Cor pulmonale • Right-sided heart failure

  42. Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems • Suffocation • Not breathing to the point that individual loses consciousness and eventually dies • Causes: • Aspiration • Strangulation • Drowning

  43. Rare Diseases • Pneumoconiosis • Environmentally induced diseases causing progressive, chronic inflammation and infection

  44. Rare Diseases • Pneumoconiosis • Causes: • Asbestosis • Anthracosis • Coal miner’s disease • Black lung • Silicosis

  45. Rare Diseases • Fungal diseases • Caused by inhaling airborne fungus • Two forms: • Histoplasmosis • Coccidioidomycosis • Desert fever • Valley fever

  46. Rare Diseases • Legionnaires’ disease • Bacterial pulmonary infection • Not limited to pulmonary system • May cause liver damage and renal dysfunction

  47. Effects of Aging • Decreased elasticity in respiratory system • Becomes less efficient and has less reserve • Weakened respiratory muscles • Reduced resistance to infection

  48. Animation Click Here to Play Flail Chest Animation

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