Commas

1. Commas

2. Commas • Restrictive Clause (also known as essential) • that restricts or limits the meaning of another word: • The Poet Yeats • Non-restrictive clauses: • Add additional information: • The Poet Yeats, who was born in Ireland, died in…

3. Restrictive Clause (also known as essential) • Presents information People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. • The phrase “who live in glass houses” restricts the kind of people I am talking about. • Therefore, no commas!

4. Schedule • Writing prompt: If you could go on a road trip, where would you go and which friend would you got with and why? • Commas • Comma pre-test

5. Non-restrictive clauses Are parenthetic. They don’t limit or define. They add something. The dog, who had one leg, wobbled slowly down the sidewalk. Who, What Where…don’t restrict or limit, they add something

6. Practice • Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet deals with the theme of revenge. • (restrictive or non-restrictive?) • Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet…. • Restrictive because Shakespeare wrote more than one play. Romeo and Juliet needs to be treated as a restrictive clause because it is restricting which play the writer is talking about.

7. Rule 1 Don’t use commas before conjunction and dependent clause. • John wanted to go to the concert and decided to save up money for a ticket.

8. Dependent clauses • Do not stand alone. They are incomplete sentences.

9. Luke yelled at Amal and apologized afterwards for being rude. • No comma because “apologized afterwards for being late” is not an independent clause. • There is no subject

10. Rule 2 • Rule: put a comma before a conjunction and independent clause • Amal wanted to run to the store, and he wanted to buy ice cream.

11. review • Val wanted to go to the concert and she saved her money by baby sitting every day for a month. • Val wanted to go to the concert, and she saved her money by baby sitting every day for a month. • Rule: put a comma before a conjunction and independent clause

12. Comma test • ://www2.ivcc.edu/eng1002/practice_comma_quiz.htm

13. Vocab Listless

14. listless a) gloomy b) lacking energy c) generous From The Onion article “Kobayashi Retires from Eating”: Although Kobayashi's friends are happy for him, they have expressed concern for his well-being, claiming that he has appeared listless, depressed, and seems to be wasting away since his retirement. Some think that the decision to give up eating may even have long-term effects on Kobayashi's health.

15. lucid • a) careless • b) visible • c) clear He’s clearly a morning person, because his conversations at8 amare very lucid.

16. malaise • a) greedy • b) sense of unwell • c) difficult From The Onion article “Congress Wonders If It’s Even Making a Difference Anymore”: With their second session well underway, members of the 106th U.S. Congress have fallen into a deep emotional malaise, openly questioning their effectiveness and ultimate usefulness to the nation. "I dunno," U.S. Rep. Charles Stenholm (D-TX) said. "What's the point? Why make all these new laws, when the ones we've already passed haven't made a bit of difference?"

17. manifest • a) apparent • b) unimportant • c) glowing Politicians in the 1840s who believed in Manifest Destiny thought that Americans were destined to expand the country all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

18. negligence • temper • attention • carelessness You might be accused of negligence if you don’t shovel your sidewalk in winter and someone falls on it.

19. luminous • a) annoying • b) famous • c) shining bright “We're confident that satellite technology will one day unlock some of the universe's oldest and most baffling secrets, such as how Gwyneth Paltrow juggles two kids and a thriving film career, yet still manages to look fresh and luminous in her Estée Lauder ads."--from The Onion article “47% of Satellites Currently Monitoring Celebrity Parenting”

20. marshal • gather • lead • fight The sergeant was awoken at 3 am and told to marshal his troops.

21. martyr • sufferer • angel • warrior Several young people died protesting the Iranian government last summer and became martyrs for their cause.

22. maverick • a greedy person • a nonconformist • a lucky person You can't read a story about JohnMcCain without seeing the word "maverick.” –from The American Prospect

23. myriad • great number • mystery • sickness It’s impossible to count the myriad stars in the night sky.

24. moot • dumb • irrelevant • irrational “A thrilling seesaw battle against Akron was ruined as Eastern Michigan forward Brandon Bowdry mustered the sheer gall necessary to hit a come-from-behind three-pointer at the buzzer, rendering the preceding 39 minutes and 59 seconds moot.” –from The Onion

25. meander • travel • wander • chase From The Onion article “Thousands March on Washington for a Little Fresh Air, Exercise”: “Coming from as far away as Iowa, Florida, and 30 miles outside the city, the meandering throngs walked for blocks in every direction, stopping only to eat at cafés and admire the reflecting pool, all the while chanting inspiring slogans like "What a beautiful day" and "We should do this more often" amongst themselves.”

26. morose • frustrated • deadly • gloomy From the Onion article “National Poetry Month Raises Awareness of Poetry Prevention”: “We must stop this scourge before more lives are exposed to poetry," said Dr. John Nieman of the American Poetry Prevention Society…Young people, particularly morose high-school and college students, are very susceptible to this terrible affliction. It is imperative that we eradicate poetry now.

27. mercenary • a) ambitious • b) greedy • c) daring Using private contractors in Iraq has been very controversial. They are often accused of being mercenary.