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By Loren Miller

THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH. By Loren Miller. THE PRESIDENCY. “No man will ever bring out of the Presidency the reputation which carries him into it. To myself, personally, it brings nothing but increasing drudgery and daily loss of friends.” Thomas Jefferson. THE PRESIDENCY.

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By Loren Miller

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  1. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH By Loren Miller

  2. THE PRESIDENCY “No man will ever bring out of the Presidency the reputation which carries him into it. To myself, personally, it brings nothing but increasing drudgery and daily loss of friends.” Thomas Jefferson

  3. THE PRESIDENCY “As to the presidency, the two happiest days of my life were those of my entrance upon the office and my surrender of it.” Martin Van Buren

  4. THE PRESIDENCY “After the White House what is there to do but drink!” Franklin Pierce

  5. THE PRESIDENCY After Vice President Truman heard about the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, he said to a small collection of reporters: “Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now.”

  6. THE PRESIDENCY “All the president is, is a glorified public relations man who spends his time flattering, kissing, and kicking people to get them to do what they are supposed to do anyway.” Harry Truman

  7. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCYChief Clerk: 1789-1836 Presidents perform administrative duties that Congress requests. Government is best that governs the least. Presidents focused their attention on foreign affairs while Congress focused on domestic matters. Madison found himself unable to fund the War of 1812 and unable to raise an army. The Monroe Doctrine Congress forged key compromises on slavery and paid of most of the national debt. Andrew Jackson, an outsider, grabs the reins of government and remakes the presidency. Forced out Cabinet members who disagreed with him. Introduced the spoils system.

  8. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCYWeakened Presidency: 1837-1900 Andrew Jackson’s popularity and energetic personality raised the profile of the office. However, those who followed Jackson (with some exceptions) reverted back to “chief clerk.” Exceptions include: James Polk: westward expansion; used his power as commander in chief to instigate war with Mexico; acquired California, Arizona and Oregon Territory. Abraham Lincoln: blockaded southern ports; suspended the writ of habeas corpus; spent money without Congressional approval; raised an army without Congressional approval. Abraham Lincoln reinterpreted Article II into a source of executive authority during emergencies.

  9. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCYThe Modern Presidency: 1901-1945 As the United States industrialized and became a significant player in an interconnected world, the power of the presidency grew accordingly. Theodore Roosevelt used the office as a “bully pulpit.” He wanted to be “the bride at every wedding and the corpse at every funeral.” Bold assertions of presidential power: The Stewardship Theory Breaks up corporate monopolies Initiates a Panamanian revolution Wins a Nobel Peace Prize (mediating Japan/Russia) settlement Sends fleet around the world First president to travel to a foreign country

  10. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCYThe Modern Presidency: 1901-1945 Woodrow Wilson achieved some significant successes and suffered some great failures. Achieved industrial reforms Led the United States into World War I Led efforts to create a League of Nations Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Permanent bureaucracies Social Security and unemployment insurance Use of the media to communicate directly with the public—fireside chats Lend-Lease Program prior to U.S. involvement in WWII (without consent of Congress) Gave Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for rights to build military based on British territory (without consent of Congress) The national government became the focus of power

  11. EVOLUTION OF THE PRESIDENCYImperial Presidency Under Attack: 1945-1980 By the end of World War II, the presidency had become a very powerful office and emphasis on the “cold war” in the 1950s and 1960s added to the president’s power. The Truman Doctrine Sending troops to Vietnam Watergate, Richard Nixon’s resignation and Jimmy Carter’s inability to resolve the Iranian hostage situation frustrated the public and the presidency came under increasing attacks from Congress.

  12. LEGAL REQUIREMENTSFOR PRESIDENT • at least 35 years of age • have lived in the United States 14 years • be a natural born citizen of the United States

  13. PRESIDENTIAL TRIVIA • Only divorced president: Reagan • Only bachelor president: Buchanan • Shortest Term: Harrison (1 month) • Largest President: Taft (350 pounds) • Smallest President: Madison (95 pounds) • Youngest President: Roosevelt (42) • Oldest President: Reagan (77)

  14. INFORMAL CRITERIAFOR PRESIDENT • Political Experience • 1868-1956 gubernatorial experience preferred • 1960-1972 senatorial experience preferred • 1972 to the present ??????? • Vice-president??

  15. INFORMAL CRITERIAFOR PRESIDENT • Vice-president?? VPs who became President by election: 1800s – Adams, Jefferson, Van Buren 1900s – T. Roosevelt, Coolidge, Truman, Nixon, Johnson, Bush • Military Hero??

  16. THE VICE PRESIDENCY If Washington is called “Mr. President,” then you need to call me “Your superfluous excellency.” John Adams, our first Vice President “[The Vice Presidency] is the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.” John Adams

  17. THE VICE PRESIDENCY “The Vice Presidency isn’t worth a warm bucket of piss.” John Nance Garner, one of FDR’s Vice Presidents “I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead.” Daniel Webster, on not accepting the Vice Presidency

  18. THE VICE PRESIDENCY “A little over a week ago, I took a rather unusual step for a vice president . . . I said something.” Spiro Agnew, Vice President under Richard Nixon “Look at all the Vice Presidents in history. Where are they? They were about as useful as a cow’s fifth teat.” Harry S Truman, one of FDR’s Vice Presidents Eisenhower/Nixon

  19. THE VICE PRESIDENCY • Possibly our worst Vice President was Thomas Marshall (Wilson’s VP) • “As vice president, I am responsible for nothing and influential nowhere” “My job is like a monkey cage– except that visitors do not offer me peanuts” In his inaugural address he promised to “acknowledge the insignificant influence of the office” He once told a bodyguard that “his job was pointless as no one every shoots a Vice President”

  20. THE VICE PRESIDENCY • Recent vice presidents have been given greater access to the president and have been given more responsibilities than earlier vice presidents. • Al Gore and Dick Cheney • Would Joe Biden have accepted the vice presidency unless he was given access and responsibilities?

  21. INFORMAL CRITERIAFOR PRESIDENT • Executive Ability • the ability to hire good people • Ideology • middle of the road

  22. INFORMAL CRITERIAFOR PRESIDENT • Physical Stamina • Mental Stability • Knowledge of the Issues

  23. PRESIDENTIAL OATH “I _____ do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.” -- Washington added “So help me God” and others followed this tradition -- Why do presidents have the choice of “swear or affirm” -- So Quakers could run for the office -- Only Franklin Pierce (1853) “affirmed”

  24. THE NOMINATION PROCESS 1. Defining Possible Candidates and Leading Contenders 2. The Primaries and Delegate Selection 3. The Convention

  25. THE NOMINATION PROCESS Defining Possible Candidates and Leading Contenders “No one wants to back a loser” • Key Money Raisers (“Fat Cats”) • Hollywood Influentials • Media Commentary • Party Influentials • Interest Groups

  26. THE NOMINATION PROCESS The Primaries and Delegate Selection Primaries and Caucus • Importance of primaries: • In 1912 12 Democratic 13 Republican • In 1980 31 Democratic 35 Republican • In 2008 38 Democratic 40 Republican

  27. When States Select Delegates 2000 2004 2008 2012* *Many states had their selection process delayed because of redistricting challenges

  28. THE NOMINATION PROCESS The Primaries and Delegate Selection Primaries and Caucus • Until 1968 • delegates selected by party leaders • all states are important • party dominated • open conventions

  29. THE NOMINATION PROCESS The Primaries and Delegate Selection Primaries and Caucus • Since 1968 • candidate dominated • most delegates selected by primaries • early states are important • closed conventions

  30. THE NOMINATION PROCESS The Convention Purpose • Role of the media • Cross-section of the American public? • Likelihood of deadlock? • Post-convention “surge” 2012: R: Tampa D: Charlotte **

  31. THE NOMINATION PROCESS Week of the year that the candidate won a majority of delegates

  32. THE ELECTION A Majority of American Voters Decide How to Vote Before the Fall Campaign Begins. Many decide even before the primaries.

  33. THE ELECTION Voters who supported Romney (in %) Voters who supported Obama (in %) 2012 Election

  34. THE MONEY FACTOR In Millions

  35. THE ELECTION JibJab

  36. THE ELECTION The Electoral College Why?? How do we choose a president without political parties (they were frowned upon), without national campaigns (the office seeks the person rather than the person seeks the office), and without upsetting the balance between the executive and legislative branches and the national and state governments?

  37. THE ELECTION The Electoral College Why?? Have Congress choose the president: This would lead to hard feelings among members of Congress and would lead to unsightly political bargaining Have the state legislatures choose the president: This would lead to an erosion of federal authority as the president would be too beholding to certain states Have the president elected by direct popular vote: People would not be aware of a candidate who was not local and would vote for their “favorite son” and no person would emerge with a popular majority. Finally, the “Committee of Eleven” proposed an indirect election of the president through a College of Electors.

  38. THE ELECTION The Electoral College The Electoral College was expected to be composed of “free electors” who could vote for anyone. The person who came in first would become president and the runner-up would be vice-president. If nobody had a majority of votes, then the election would go into the House. Our Founding Fathers expected that almost all elections would be determined in the House of Representatives as they expected many candidates to receive electoral votes. This worked well until the formation of political parties. By 1796, the electors were no longer “free electors” but had become “partisan electors.”

  39. THE ELECTION The Electoral College Each state has the number of electors equal to the number of their members in the House and the Senate H + S = # of Electors (Texas) 36 + 2 = 38 Electors (USA) 435 + 100 + 3 (DC) = 538 Electors A majority of 538 (270) is needed to win

  40. THE ELECTION The Electoral College • The objective is to obtain 270 electoral votes • Instead of 1 presidential election, we have 51 separate presidential elections • To win Texas’s electoral vote, the candidate must obtain a plurality of popular votes in the state • So where does a candidate campaign?? • In 2012, 93% of party resources were spent in only 9 states.

  41. The Battleground States2012 New Hampshire (4) Virginia (13) North Carolina (15) Ohio (18) Iowa (6) Colorado (9) Nevada (6) Florida (29) Wisconsin (10) (110) http://www.270towin.com

  42. HOW OBAMA WON Vote By Gender: 47% Male; 53% Female Obama: 47% Male; 55% Female Romney: 53% Male; 45% Female Vote By Age: 18-29 19%; 30-44 27%; 45-64 38%; 65+ 16% Obama: 60% 18-29; 52% 30-44; 51% 45-64; 44% 65+ Romney: 40% 18-29; 48% 30-44; 49% 45-64; 56% 65+ Vote By Size of Place: 32% Urban; 47% Suburban; 21% Rural Obama: 63% Urban; 49% Suburban; 39% Rural Romney: 37% Urban; 51% Suburban; 61% Rural

  43. HOW OBAMA WON Vote By Race: 73% White; 13 % Black; 10% Latino; 3% Asian Obama: 41% White; 93% Black; 71% Latino; 73% Asian Romney: 59% White; 7% Black; 29% Latino; 27% Asian Vote By Income: 41% Under 50K; 31% 50-100K; 28% 100K + Obama: 62% Under 50K; 53% 50-100K; 46% 100K + Romney: 38% Under 50K; 47% 50-100K; 54% 100K + Vote By Religion: 53% Protestant; 25% Catholic; 2% Jewish; 7% Other; 12% None Obama: 42% Protestant; 51% Catholic; 69% Jewish; 75% Other; 70% None Romney: 58% Protestant; 49% Catholic; 31% Jewish; 24% Other; 30% None

  44. How Presidents and Vice Presidents are Chosen Acetate P–2

  45. POPULAR VOTE VS.ELECTORAL VOTE

  46. POPULAR VOTE VS.ELECTORAL VOTE

  47. POPULAR VOTE VS.ELECTORAL VOTE Robin Williams

  48. THE ELECTION The Electoral College The Electoral College has reversed the outcome three times: 1876 (Hayes v. Tilden), 1888 (Harrison v. Cleveland), 2000 (Bush v. Gore). The House of Representatives has decided two elections: 1800 (Jefferson v. Burr), 1824 (Adams v. Jackson v. Clay) In 18 of 56 presidential elections (Washington to Obama), the winning candidate did not have a majority of popular votes.

  49. ELECTORAL COLLEGE REFORMS • Direct Popular Vote • Proportional Voting • District Plan

  50. DISTRICT PLAN 3 Districts = 5 Electoral Votes R = 110 D = 95 R = 75 D = 110 R = 100 D = 85 Used in Maine and Nebraska

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