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Understanding Carbohydrates: Structure, Function, and Types

Carbohydrates are essential biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving crucial roles in energy storage and structural integrity. They are categorized into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common examples include glucose, sucrose, starch, and cellulose. The structure of these molecules determines their function, with branch structures in polysaccharides impacting energy release. Herbivores possess specialized bacteria to digest cellulose, while carnivores rely on meat for energy. Explore the significance and diversity of carbohydrates in biology and nutrition.

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Understanding Carbohydrates: Structure, Function, and Types

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  1. Carbohydrates

  2. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates energymolecules

  3. sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH2O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 • Function: • energy uenergy storage • raw materialsustructural materials • Monomer: sugars • ex: sugars, starches, cellulose (CH2O)x C6H12O6

  4. H O C CH2OH CH2OH C OH O H H O H H H OH H OH H C H HO OH HO HO H H H OH OH H Glyceraldehyde Glucose Ribose Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose • Classified by number of carbons • 6C = hexose (glucose) • 5C = pentose (ribose) • 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) 6 5 3

  5. Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone

  6. Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutionsin biology? In cells! Carbons are numbered

  7. Numbered carbons C 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

  8. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Simple & complex sugars • Monosaccharides • simple 1 monomer sugars • glucose • Disaccharides • 2 monomers • sucrose • Polysaccharides • large polymers • starch

  9. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage

  10. H2O Building sugars • Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar) Let’s go to the videotape!

  11. Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars • costs little energy to build • easily reversible = release energy • Function: • energy storage • starch (plants) • glycogen (animals) • in liver & muscles • structure • cellulose (plants) • chitin (arthropods & fungi)

  12. Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release starch (plant) What doesbranching do? energystorage glycogen (animal) Let’s go to the videotape! fast release

  13. Polysaccharide diversity • Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose • isomers of glucose • structure determines function…

  14. enzyme enzyme Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  15. Cellulose • Most abundant organic compound on Earth • herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose • most carnivores have not • that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients • cellulose = undigestible roughage But it tasteslike hay!Who can liveon this stuff?!

  16. Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

  17. Helpful bacteria • How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? • BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Caprophage Tell me aboutthe rabbits,again, George! I eatWHAT! Ruminants

  18. EAT X Let’s build some Carbohydrates!

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