The Periodic Table

1. The Periodic Table Chap. 6

2. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements

3. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Lavoisier’s list: 23 elements

4. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Lavoisier’s list: 23 elements • 1870’s : 70 known elements

5. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Lavoisier’s list: 23 elements • 1870’s : 70 known elements • Dobereiner’s triads

6. Halogen Triad Cl Br I mass 35.5 u 79.9 u 127 u .00321 3.12 4.93 density -101oC -7oC 114oC M.P. -34 oC 59oC 185oC B.P.

7. Self Check – Ex. 1 Ca Sr Ba mass 40 u 88 u 137 u 1.55 ? 3.62 density 842oC ? 727oC M.P. 1500oC 1412oC 1845 oC B.P.

8. Self Check – Ex. 1 Ca Sr Ba mass 40 u 88 u 137 u 1.55 2.6 3.62 density 842oC 7770C 727oC M.P. 1500oC 1412oC 1845 oC B.P.

9. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Lavoisier’s list: 23 elements • 1870’s : 70 known elements • Dobereiner’s triads • Newlands: Law of Octaves

10. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Mendeleev’s Table

11. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Mendeleev’s Table • produced simultaneously with Meyer

12. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Mendeleev’s Table • produced simultaneously with Meyer • organized elements by increasing mass

13. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Mendeleev’s Table • rearranged a few elements to match properties

14. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Mendeleev’s Table • rearranged a few elements to match properties • left gaps for undiscovered elements

15. Early Attempts at Organizing the Elements • Mendeleev’s Table • rearranged a few elements to match properties • left gaps for undiscovered elements • described periodic law

16. Periodic Law When arranged according to increasing atomic number, there is a repeating pattern of an element’s properties

17. The Modern Periodic Table

18. The Modern Periodic Table • Periods

19. The Modern Periodic Table • Periods • Groups/Families

20. The Modern Periodic Table • Periods • Groups/Families • Metals/Non-Metals/Semimetals

21. The Modern Periodic Table • Periods • Groups/Families • Metals/Non-Metals/Semimetals • Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Representative Elements

22. The Modern Periodic Table • Periods • Groups/Families • Metals/Non-Metals/Semimetals • Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Representative Elements • Physical States

23. The Modern Periodic Table • Periods • Groups/Families • Metals/Non-Metals/Semimetals • Transition Metals/Inner Transition Metals/ Representative Elements • Physical States • Naturally occurring elements

24. Periodic Trends

25. Periodic Trends • Valence Electrons

26. Periodic Trends • Valence Electrons • as you go down a group, the number of valence electrons __________

27. Periodic Trends • Valence Electrons • as you go down a group, the number of valence electrons __________ • as you go across a period, the number of valence electrons __________

28. Periodic Trends • Atomic Radius

29. Atomic radius Distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron.

30. Periodic Trends • Atomic Radius • as you go down a group, the atomic radius __________

31. Periodic Trends • Atomic Radius • as you go down a group, the atomic radius __________ • as you go across a period, the atomic radius __________

33. Self Check – Ex. 2 Put the following atoms in order from smallest to largest radius P Mg O Ca

34. Periodic Trends • Ionic Radius

35. Ion An atom that has gained or lost an electron

36. Periodic Trends • Ionic Radius • as you remove an electron, the radius __________

37. Periodic Trends • Ionic Radius • as you remove an electron, the radius __________ • as you add an electron, the radius __________

38. Periodic Trends • Ionic Radius • as you remove an electron, the radius __________ • as you add an electron, the radius __________ • the isoelectronic atoms that are the smallest have the most _______

39. Isoelectronic atoms Atoms that have the same number of electrons.

40. Self Check – Ex. 3 Put the following in order of increasing radius Cl- Ca2+ Ar K+

41. Periodic Trends • 1st Ionization Energy

42. Ionization Energy The energy required to remove an electron.

43. Periodic Trends • 1st Ionization Energy • as you go down a group the ionization energy ________

44. Periodic Trends • 1st Ionization Energy • as you go down a group the ionization energy ________ • as you go across a period the ionization energy ________

46. Periodic Trends • 1st Ionization Energy • as you go down a group the ionization energy ________ • as you go across a period the ionization energy ________ • as you remove each additional electron the ionization energy ________

47. Successive Ionization Energy

48. Self Check – Ex. 4 For what ionization will a large jump in ionization energy be observed with aluminum?

49. Periodic Trends • Electronegativity

50. Electronegativity The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond.