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Geospatial Data and the APFO: Past, Present, and Future

Geospatial Data and the APFO: Past, Present, and Future. Zack Adkins, Cartographer Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop March 25-27, 2008. Outline. APFO History Beginnings of geospatial data at the APFO Migration to present day Geospatial data in the present

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Geospatial Data and the APFO: Past, Present, and Future

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  1. Geospatial Data and the APFO: Past, Present, and Future Zack Adkins, Cartographer Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop March 25-27, 2008

  2. Outline • APFO History • Beginnings of geospatial data at the APFO • Migration to present day • Geospatial data in the present • Future of geospatial data 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  3. APFO History • USDA created in 1862 as a non-cabinet level department • Became cabinet level in 1889 • Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 • Part of New Deal • Result of the effects from the Great Depression • Created new programs to help farmers 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  4. APFO History (cont) • Aerial photo labs created in 1937 • Initially in Washington, D.C. and Salt Lake City • Established to provide rectified aerial photography for accurate field measurements • Aerial imagery supported then newly created farm programs 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  5. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  6. APFO History (cont) • Aerial Photography Field Office • 1975-present located in Salt Lake City • Primary source of aerial imagery for USDA • Current holdings • 60,000 archived rolls of film from 1955-present (over 10 million images) • >80 terabytes of digital geospatial data 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  7. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  8. Beginnings of Geospatial Data at the APFO • Pre-1955 • Aerial imagery acquisitions • 1937: 375,000 square miles flown • 1941: 90% of US agricultural areas acquired • Film housed at the National Archives 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  9. Source: Harry Tubis (1937), photogrammetrist with the Tennessee Valley Authority 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  10. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  11. Beginnings of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • 1955-1980 • Film holdings • ASCS (Agricultural Stabilization & Conservation Service) • APFO archive: >23,000 rolls • 1:20,000 nominal scale • Forest Service • APFO archive: >19,000 rolls • SCS (Soil Conservation Service; now NRCS) film • APFO Archive: >2,000 rolls 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  12. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  13. Beginnings of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • Photo index maps • Used for research • Photo mosaic of entire county • APFO archive: >65,000 indexes 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  14. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  15. Beginnings of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • Rectified Film Enlargements • 24” x 24” • Technicians drew field boundaries on photo enlargements • Predecessor to CLU (Common Land Units) • Area measured with a planimeter 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  16. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  17. Beginnings of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • NHAP (National High Altitude Photography Program) • Ran from 1980-1989 • USGS coordinated interagency program • 48 states, 5 year cycle • Coverage varied due to budget • CIR 1:58,000, BW 1:80,000 • 40,000 feet flying altitude • 2m spatial resolution • APFO archive: >1500 rolls of film 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  18. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  19. Beginnings of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • Spot Indexes • Began with NHAP • Created through late 1980s • Shows center point of each image • APFO archive: >5,000 spot indexes • Line Indexes • Forest service acquisitions • Shows center point of each image • APFO archive: >10,000 spot indexes 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  20. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  21. Geospatial Data Migration to the Present • NAPP (National Aerial Photography Program) • 1987-2003 (replaced NHAP) • USGS coordinated interagency program • 48 states & Hawaii, 5-7 year cycle • Coverage varied due to budget • 1:40,000 scale • 20,000 feet flying altitude above mean terrain elevation • 1 meter spatial resolution • APFO archive: > 5,000 rolls of film 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  22. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  23. Geospatial Data Migration to the Present (cont) • Digital Line Indexes • Shows center point of each image • Created at APFO using AutoCAD • Late 1980’s-2003 (coincided with NAPP cycles) • APFO archive: > 2,000 indexes 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  24. Geospatial Data Migration to the Present (cont) • Hardcopy to Digital • MDOQ (mosaicked digital ortho quarter quad) creation • Process ran from 1997-2004 • Seamed and color balanced • 16 DOQQs (digital ortho quarter quad) to create 1 MDOQ • 4 primary + 12 surrounding • Used as base layer in GIS • ~6 terabytes of MDOQ data hosted at APFO • CCM (compressed county mosaic) created from these MDOQs 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  25. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  26. Geospatial Data in the Present • CLU (Common Land Units) • CLU replaced hand drawn field boundaries on photo enlargements • Digitized on MDOQs • Fully attributed with service center data • ~500 gigabytes of CLU data hosted at APFO 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  27. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  28. Geospatial Data in the Present (cont) • NAIP (National Agriculture Imagery Program) • 2002-present • Began as a pilot program • Response to needs for more current imagery to support USDA programs • ~50 terabytes of NAIP data housed at APFO 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  29. Future of Geospatial Data at the APFO • Continued hosting and support of NAIP • Continued hosting and support of CLU data • CLU replication efforts • Checking for geometric errors • Checking for farm records database errors • Generate error reports for counties and states 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  30. Future of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • LIDAR & IFSAR data 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  31. Future of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • Custom applications using geospatial data to support FSA • Natural disaster recovery • Land use change • CLU acreage change over time 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  32. Future of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • Archival scanning • Line, spot, & photo indexes • Georeferencing • Creation of enhanced shapefile & metadata • Film vault • “Mammoth” project • Dependant upon funding and resources 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  33. Future of Geospatial Data at the APFO (cont) • APFO’s mission will continue to support geospatial data efforts • Contract for, develop, and carry out the imagery and remote sensing programs within the FSA 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  34. National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) John Mootz, Contracting Officer 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  35. Topics • What is NAIP • Program History • Current Program • Improvements/Ongoing Pilots • Future • What is NAIP • Program History • Current Program • Improvements/Ongoing Pilots • Future 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  36. What is NAIP? • Annual coast-to-coast program • Quarter-quad based orthos • 1m and 2m resolution • 5-year cycle for 1m base replacement • Leaf-on, peak-growth • Very rapid, aggressive collection ALL IMAGERY PLACED IN PUBLIC DOMAIN 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  37. Contract Deliverables • Full-resolution DOQQ tiles • GeoTIFF • NAD83, UTM • Compressed County Mosaics (CCM) • MrSID compression (moving to JPEG2k) • Radiometric balanced • Projected in predominant UTM 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  38. Acquisition Requirements • 10% clouds or less • Free of standing water • Minimum 30° sun angle • Minimize specular reflections • Especially in agriculture areas 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  39. DOQQ Requirements • Most current version of NED • 300m (±30) buffer • No non-imagery (borders, fiducal) • May mosaic imagery • Radiometric balance within tile • ±3 pixel offset requirement • Horizontal Accuracy • Relative: ±5m on 90% well-defined pts 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  40. DOQQ Requirements (con’t) • Prefer not to “radiometrically balance” • Minimize color data lost • New “histogram” requirements • 1 pixel limit on band-to-band misregistration • List of acceptable blemishes • Band order: RGB, NRG, or RGBN 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  41. Topics • What is NAIP • Program History • Improvements/Ongoing Pilots • Future 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  42. 2002 Pilot Program • Pilot compared 35mm to imagery from mapping cameras • 1m – ortho • 2m - geo-rectified 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  43. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  44. 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  45. Topics • What is NAIP • Program History • Improvements/Ongoing Pilots • Future 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  46. Improvements/Ongoing Pilots • Radiometric improvements • Absolute horizontal accuracy • Seamline shapefile • 4-band imagery • Requires new compression 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  47. Radiometric Improvements • Problem: Quality was not consistent Actual NAIP imagery (2004-2006) 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  48. Radiometric Improvements (con’t) • Solution: Develop new radiometric specifications • ITT Space Systems contracted • Conducted user sensitivity study • “Best Practices” document • Implemented 4 histogram specs • Require “pre-production” sample from contractor 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  49. 1% 99% 150 Radiometric Improvements (con’t) • Clipping: <2% (<1% preferred) • Contrast: 140 – 160 (150 goal) • Histogram Peak: ±15% of middle (108-148 for 8-bit) • Color: RGB triplet within ±5 There is no perfect histogram but these specifications are a good start 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

  50. Radiometric Improvements (con’t) Original 2006 Clipping – 0% Contrast – 131 Histogram Peak – 80 Color Balance (RGB) – 147,128,105 2008 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop

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