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An Overview of Energy Use and Fossil Fuel Re

An Overview of Energy Use and Fossil Fuel Resources. Pradip Majumdar Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Northern Illinois University. Fossil Fuels.

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An Overview of Energy Use and Fossil Fuel Re

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  1. An Overview of Energy Use and Fossil Fuel Resources Pradip Majumdar Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Northern Illinois University

  2. Fossil Fuels Remains of vegetations deposit of past geological ages after subjected to biochemical reactions, high pressure and temperature. Categories: - Coal - Liquid hydrocarbon (Oil) - Gaseous hydrocarbon (Natural gas) - Shale Oil - Shale gas

  3. Hydrocarbon Fuels • One of the most commonly available forms of fuel is hydrocarbon fuels, which has carbon and hydrogen as the primary constituents. • The hydrocarbon fuels exits in different phases such as liquid like gasoline, solid like coal, and gas like natural gas. • Some of the common hydrocarbon fuels are gasoline or octane, diesel, methyl alcohol or methanol, ethyl alcohol or ethanol etc.

  4. Coal is mainly composed of carbon, sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen with varying compositions. Composition changes from location to location. Analysis given on a mass basis, relative moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash. Composition of coals from western USA - % mass H: 3.5% C: 48.6% S: 0.5% N: 0.7% O: 12.0% Ash: 5.8% Coal Typical Heating Value: 24 MJ/kg Energy Density: 6.67kWh/kg

  5. US Coal Regions

  6. US Reserves of Coal, Oil and Natural gas Total Coal Reserve: 246,643 Million tonnes Bituminous: 111,338 Million tonnes Sub-bituminous: 135,305 Million tonnes Total Crude Oil Reserve: 21.3 Billion Barrels Natural gas: 9.1 Billion barrel ( Liquid) 237.7 Billion Cubic Feet

  7. World Coal Reserves

  8. World Coal Reserve By Life

  9. Coal Processing • Coal Gasification Transform solid coal into SynGas (Mixture of mostly Carbon Monoxide, hydrogen and other) Or pure hydrogen gas • Coal Liquidification Transform into gasoline or diesel by Fisher- Topsch process • Clean coal Remove Sulfur dioxide, Carbon dioxide, Amonia etc.

  10. Coal Gasification • The gasification of coal in a gasifier involves multiple processes such as: • 1) Reaction with oxygen and water under pressure and addition of heat to form Syn- Gas • 2) Water gas-shift reaction to convert carbon monoxide into hydrogen and Carbon dioxide Coal Gasifier

  11. : Coal gasification and Advanced Power Generation system

  12. Liquid or Gaseous Hydrocarbons Normally a mixture of many different hydrocarbons. - Gasoline consists of 40 different hydrocarbons

  13. Liquid Hydrocarbons • Most liquid hydrocarbons are derived from Crude oil by distillation or Cracking Processes: Gasoline, Kerosene, diesel etc. • Each type is characterized by its distillation curve. • The distillation curve is obtained by slowly heating the crude so that it vaporizes and condenses. • The more volatile component is vaporized first.

  14. World Oil Reserve

  15. World Oil Reserves by Countries Source: From US Energy Information Administration (EIA) http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/index.cfm?view=reserves

  16. Shale Oil • Oil shale is an organic-rich sedimentary rock from which liquid hydrocarbons are extracted • Contains large amount of kerogen - a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds - Primary composition: Kerogen, Quartz, Clay Carbonate, pyrate - Secondary composition: Uranium, Iron, Vanadium, Nickel, Molybdenum • Estimate of global deposit: 3.0 trillion barrels • Requires more processing than crude oil - higher cost

  17. Shale Oil Processing • Kerogen is converted into synthetic crude oil by the chemical process of pyrolysis • Heating oil shales to a sufficiently high temperature drives off vapor which is distilled to form petroleum-like unconventional oil and combustible oil-shale gas • Can burn oil shale directly as low-grade fuel for power generation and heating purposes. Concern for Oil-shale mining and processing - Land use, waste disposal, water use, waste water management greenhouse gas emission, air pollution

  18. Gaseous Hydrocarbons Sources: 1. Natural gas wells 2. Chemical manufacturing processes Major constituents: Natural gas consists of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen with varying composition. • Typical Composition: Methane: 93.9% Ethane: 3.6% Propane: 1.2% Butanes Plus: 1.3% Present effort is to produce gaseous fuel or liquid hydrocarbons fuel from coal, Oil Shales and Tar sands

  19. US Natural Gas Reserve

  20. Shale Gas Shale gas is natural gas stored in shales. - Mature petroleum source rocks where high heat and pressure have converted petroleum to natural gas. - Contains good quality gas and are rich in organic materials. - Shales are brittle and rigid enough to maintain open fracture Production Method - Shale has low permeability and so needs artificial fractures to produce gas commercially. - Extraction technology involves drilling and hydraulic fracturing to create fractures around well bores

  21. Shale Gas • Shale gas is increasingly more important source of natural gas in USA and in other countries. • Recent study indicated that shale gas supply may contribute 50% of natural gas production in USA. Major Issues: • Drilling technology – vertical as well as horizontal drilling of lateral length of 5,000 – 10,000 feet • Economics • Environment

  22. Natural Gas Resources

  23. Natural Gas Reserves

  24. US Electric Power Production 2007 data

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