The Roman Republic

1. The Roman Republic Chapter 6:1

2. Vocabulary • Republic: Form of gov. were power is in the hands of Representatives • Patrician: Member of wealthy, privileged upper class • Plebian: Common farmer, artisans, merchants • Tribune: Official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights • Consuls: 1 of 2 powerful officials elected each year to command the army/direct the government

3. Vocabulary • Senate: Supreme governing body, originally made up of only aristocrats • Dictator: A political leader given absolute power of laws/army for a short period of time • Legions: Military Unit: 5,000 soldiers and horsemen • Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage (3); Rome finally beat Carthage and control of area • Hannibal: Leader of Carthage. Attacked Rome from Europe (Elephants)

4. The Origins of Rome • Founded in 753 B.C. by Romulus and Remus • Twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess • Abandoned and raised by a she-wolf • Picked Rome due to the fertile soil and strategic location • Geography • “Seven Rolling hills” • Middle of Italian Peninsula • Middle of Mediterranean Sea

7. The First Romans • Latins, Greeks and the Etruscans • 750 B.C. established trading outposts/communities in Southern Italy and Sicily • Closer contact with Greek civilizations • Etruscans were native to Northern Italy • System of writing/alphabet, architecture and use of the arch

8. The Early Republic • Various small kings/kingdoms grow in Rome • Monarchy rule • The Forum • The heart of Roman political life • Last King: Tarquin the Proud • Replaced with a Republic • Citizens • Free-born male citizens

9. To have….Or not to have…. • Two Groups • Patricians: Wealthy land owners with most of the power • Plebeians: common farmers, merchants • Plebeians were barred by law from holding important gov. positions • Elected Representatives • Tribunesprotected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials

10. Twelve Tables • Twelve Tables: Written code of laws • Displayed in the Forum • Established the idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law • Page 157 (textbook) • **Connection with the United States**

11. Government under the Republic • Consuls • 2, ruled like presidents, 1 year term (10 yr. wait), veto other consuls decision, control of the army and the gov. • Senate • 300 members chosen by upper class • Later plebeians were allowed in • Dictator • A leader who and absolute power to make laws and command the army • Power lasted 4-6 months • Chosen by the consuls and approved by the senate

12. The Roman Army • All citizens who owned land were required to serve • 10 year military service • Legions • 5,000 • Foot soldiers (infantry) • Horseback (cavalry) • Divided into groups of 80 (century) • Organized military was key to success

13. Rome Spreads its Power • Sought to expand its power through trade and conquest • Romans conquer the north and south of Italy • Different categories for conquered citizens (3 levels) • Lenient/Tolerant policy toward defeated enemies • Geographic Location • Center of the Med. Sea • Trade • Wine and Olive Oil for food and manufactured goods from other lands

14. Punic War • Carthage vs. Rome • Over trade routes • 264 B.C.-146 B.C. • Hannibal: Carthaginian General • 50k infantry • 9k cavalry • 60 elephants • Attach from Europe • Elephants crossing the Alps Mts.

16. Rome Beats Carthage • Roman General • Scipio • Attacked Carthage • Burned Carthage • 50k sold into slavery • Rome was now the most powerful empire in the western world!

17. Main Ideas • What limits were on the Roman Consuls? • What was the significance of the twelve tables? • What was different about Hannibal's attack on Rome? • CCC Video? • CCC Video

18. The Roman Empire 5:2

19. Vocabulary • Julius Caesar • Roman General who eventually took sole possession of the Roman Empire • Augustus • “Exalted One” Caesar’s adopted son Octavian. Fought Mark Antony for control of Rome • Pax Romana • Great Roman Peace. Period of great prosperity and exceptional growth

20. The Republic Collapses • Increasing boundaries cause problems • Discontent (upset) among lower classes of society/breakdown in military • 1/3 of Roman population at one point was slaves (working on Patrician estates) • Poor farmers forced to sell land to rich Patricians • Tiberius and Gaius and Gracchus • Tribunes: Tried to make reforms for the plebeians • Killed • Created Civil War! • Breakdown of the Military • Offered land/money for service

21. Julius Caesar • Wealthy class • Military General: • Won victories in Gaul (France) • Became popular in Rome (Everyone likes a winner!!) • Chased his rival Pompey out of Rome • Named himself Dictator • Later named himself “Dictator for Life” • End of the Roman Republic

22. Caesar’s Reforms • Governed as an absolute ruler • Granted Roman citizenship to people in the “Provenances” • Created jobs • New Public buildings/projects • Nobles and Senators feared Caesar’s Power • March 15, 44 B.C. • Assassination of Caesar • Senate Chamber • Marcus Brutus (23x’s) • “Et tu, Brute?”

25. Beginning of the Empire • After Caesar’s Death • Civil War Broke • Octavian • Stepson of Caesar • Octavian formed army to crush those that assassinated Caesar • Formed alliance with Mark Antony • Turned on Mark Antony • Told Rome that Mark Antony would move “Rome” to Egypt • Defeated Mark Antony + Cleopatra and conquered Egypt • Both committed suicide • Changed name to Augustus Caesar

26. A Vast and Powerful Empire • Pax Romana!! • 207 years of peace “Roman Peace” • 3 Million square miles • 60-80 Million people/1 Million in Rome • “All roads lead to Rome” • Sound Government • Civil Service for government job • Stabilized the boarders • Strong efficient Government/Military (knew the system) • An Economy Based on Agriculture and Trade • Traded with China and India along the Silk Road • Led to cultural diffusion between Europe and Asia

28. The Roman World • Values • Strength, Power, Usefulness • Farmers • Slaves (1/3rd Population) • Completely owned • Gods and Goddesses • Adopted/Renamed Greek Gods/Goddesses • Jupiter • Juno • Minerva • Society and Culture • Large gap between rich and poor • Sports/Games • Distract people • Spectacles • “Bread and Circuses” • Gladiators • Gladiator Games

29. Main Ideas • What factors contributed to the fall of the Roman Republic? • What were the main reasons for the Romans’ success in controlling such a large empire? • What measures did the government take to distract and control the masses of Rome?

30. The Rise of Christianity Chapter 6:3

31. Vocabulary • Jesus: A Jew who did many good things, viewed as a prophet. Emphasized God’s personal relationship to each person. Crucified on the cross for Humans Sins. • Apostle: One of the followers of Jesus who preached and spread his teaching • Paul: An apostle who spread the teachings of Christ after Jesus' death. • Diaspora: The dispersal of the Jews from their homeland in Palestine, especially during the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the Romans’ destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D.

32. Vocabulary • Constantine: Roman Emperor who credited praying to “God” for his victory over his enemies. Ended the persecution of Christians in 313 A.D. • Bishop: A high ranking Christian official who supervise a number of local churches • Peter: Apostle of Jesus, who is credited with the creation of the Christian Church • Pope: The Bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church

33. The Life and Teachings of Jesus • Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea • Birth of JesusBirth of Jesus II • Raised in Nazareth in Northern Palestine • Age 30 Began public “Ministry” • 3 years of Miracles • Stressed • God’s Personal Relationship with Everyone! • Establishment of Eternal Kingdom after death (Good) (Bad: Hell) • Repent for sins

34. A Growing Movement • Few other historical books mention Jesus other than the Bible (Gospels) • Gospels: First four books of New Testament • 12 Apostles: Followers of Jesus • Preached town to town: Poor People • “Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.”

35. Jesus’ Death • Growing Concerns from Jewish and Roman Officials • Jewish Priests denied that Jesus was the “Messiah” • Blasphemy • Roman Governor Pontius Pilate arrested Jesus • Sentenced to death and was crucified • Body Placed in Tomb • 3 Days later Body was Gone • Living Jesus appeared to his followers • Jesus Christ “Greek” • “Christos” means saviors

37. Christianity Spreads through the Empire • First followers were “Jews” • Eventually teachings featured a more “Jesus” oriented approach to religion (Christianity) • Apostle Paul had a “Vision” of Jesus • Helped Spread Religion across Roman Empire • Paul Stressed • “Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins”

38. Christianity spreads Jewish Rebellion Against Rome Western Wall Today • 66 A.D. large Jewish rebellion against Rome • 70 A.D. Romans destroyed Jerusalem and Temple complex • Western Wall Remains • Jews Driven from their Homelands • No Jewish state for over 1,800 years • Diaspora of Jews

39. Persecution of the Christians • Refused to worship Roman Gods • Seen as opposition against Roman Rule • Blamed for economic hardships of Roman Empire • Romans exiled, imprisoned or executed Christians who did not worship Roman Gods • Crucified, burned, killed by wild animals • Martyrs • People willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of a beliefs or cause

40. A World Religion • Christianity spread for a variety of reasons!! • Embraced all people: Men, Women, Rich, Poor, Nobles, Peasants • Hope to the Powerless • Personal Relationship with God • Promised Life after death • Appealed to people “disgusted” with the Roman Culture

41. World Religion • Roman Emperor Constantine 312 A.D. • Fighting Battles against Enemies • Vision told him to put the “Christian” cross on shields • Victorious • 313 A.D. ended Christian persecution • Emperor Theodosius (380 A.D.) made Christianity the official religion • Apostle Peter set up the Christian Church • Priest: Local Priest • Bishops: Priest Supervised Several Churches • Pope: The head of the Christian Church • Rome: Center of Empire and Center of Christianity

42. World Religion • Christianity Grew • Disagreements on “Basic Teachings” lead to Heresy • Church tried to set a single official standard of Beliefs • Compiled in the New Testament: 4 Gospels and other Documents • 325 A.D. Constantine called for a conference in Nicene in Anatolia • They wrote the Basic beliefs of the Church: Uniform!! • “Nicene Creed”

43. Assessment Questions • What did Jesus emphasize in his early teachings? • Why did the early Christians face persecution from the Romans? • What was the importance of the Nicene Creed?

44. The Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 6:4

45. Vocabulary • Inflation • A drastic drop in the value of money with a rise in prices • Mercenary • Foreign, paid solders who would fight in the Military. Not Loyal • Diocletian • Roman Emperor, stabilized Rome. Divided Roman Empire into east and west • Constantinople • Capital of Eastern Roman Empire. On Bosporus Straight • Attila the Hun • Germanic leader who attacked the Roman Empire. Biggest threat.

46. A Century of Crisis • Weak Economy • Bad harvests, No new sources of Gold/Money, raised taxes, • Inflation • More coins less gold/silver = Inflation • Military and Political Turmoil • Soldiers less loyal, discipline, trained • Allegiance to Generals over Emperor • Used Mercenaries • Loss of Patriotism, Love of Rome!

47. Emperors Attempt Reform • End of Pax Romana!!! • Diocletian (284 A.D.) • Military Leader, Ruled with an Iron-Fist • Doubled Army, Controlled rising prices • Division of Roman Empire • East: Greece, Anatolia, Syria and Egypt • West: Italy, Gaul, Britain and Spain • Diocletian: ruled over the East (Appointed a Co-Ruler)

49. Emperor Constantine • Continued the reforms of Diocletian • In 330 A.D. Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium (Bosporus Straight) • Power shifted from Rome to the East • Renamed Constantinople