ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for Poverty Reduction

1. ADB FINESSE Training Course on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency for Poverty Reduction 19th – 23rd June 2006 Nairobi, Kenya

2. Module 4:Biomass (Traditional & Improved) Waeni Kithyoma

3. Overview • Traditional Biomass • Examples and application • Benefits • Drawbacks • Improved Biomass Technologies • Examples and application • Status of improved cookstoves dissemination • Benefits of improved biomass technologies • Prospects of improved biomass technologies • Case studies demonstrating socio-economic impact of improved cookstoves

4. Three Categories TBTs • Traditional Biomass Energy Technologies (TBTs) • Inefficient use of wood, charcoal, leaves, agricultural residues, animal/human waste & urban waste • Improved Biomass Energy Technologies (IBTs) • Improved and efficient technologies for direct combustion of biomass such as improved cooking/heating stoves and improved biofuel kilns • Modern Biomass Energy Technologies (MBTs) – Next Module • Conversion of biomass energy to advanced fuels/forms namely liquid fuels, gas and electricity IBTs MBTs

5. Why is Biomass Energy Important? Biomass Supply as % of Total Primary Energy Supply Source: IEA, 2004

6. Past and Projected Final Biomass Consumption in Relation to Total Energy Use, 2002 and 2020 Source: IEA, 2004a; IEA, 2004c

7. Traditional Biomass • Includes fuelwood, agricultural residues and animal/human waste • Resources are used inefficiently • Meets energy needs of significant proportion of population – particularly rural poor

8. Poverty and Traditional Biomass Use

9. Traditional Biomass • Benefits • Readily available • Low cost • Does not require processing before use • In contrast to other renewables, can be stored - reduces problem of intermittency • Significant drawbacks • Indoor air pollution – health problems • Environmental degradation • Social burden on women and children

10. Traditional Biomass • Challenges • Better data • Ensuring biomass is sourced from sustainable biomass resources • More rapid substitution with improved & modern biomass energy technologies and other energy alternatives

11. Improved Biomass • Improved Biomass Energy Technologies • Improved and efficient technologies for direct combustion of biomass such as efficient stoves, charcoal kilns and dryers as well as direct combustion in boilers (e.g. tea factories & forest industries)

12. Improved Biomass • Benefits of Improved Biomass Technologies • Reduction in heat loss • Decrease in indoor air pollution -> reduction in respiratory health problems associated with smoke emission • Increased combustion efficiency -> reduced fuel consumption • Alleviation of burden (women & children) of fuel collection • Production & dissemination of improved biomass technologies create employment and income generating opportunities

13. Improved Cooking & Heating Stoves • Mainly used for cooking. Other uses include space heating, crop curing and drying • Costs range from US$ 2 to U$ 10 • Are locally assembled and manufactured • Available in most African countries

14. A mini survey undertaken in Kenya (Jan 06) indicated that improved cookstoves were the most commonly used small-scale renewable energy technologies among the poor

15. Impact of Improved Cookstoves

16. Improved Charcoal Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) • One of the most successful stove projects in Africa • In use in over 50% of urban households in Kenya (16% of rural homes) - 2.6 million stoves in use in Kenya alone (cumulative production now over 15 million) • Made of metal cladding with a wide base and a ceramic liner (safer to use - cooler on the outside) • Fully self-sustaining using locally produced materials and skills – generated jobs & new enterprises • Reduces charcoal consumption by 30-50% • KCJ in use in Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi & Senegal • Being introduced in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Ghana and Madagascar

17. Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) - Lessons Learned • Think long-term: Modest but long-term funding: Initial donor investment modest - $250,000 but provided over a long-period (5 years) • Work with locals: Key players were serious and enthusiastic local and regional institutions and experts who made long-term commitments • Involve dynamic informal & small enterprise sector: Heavy involvement of existing informal sector and small & micro-enterprises in manufacture and distribution of KCJ - “piggy-back” approach which reduced dissemination & marketing costs

18. Kenya Ceramic Jiko (KCJ) - Lessons Learned • “Smart” subsidies: Implicit subsidy - First set expensive stoves were bought by high income groups - high margins brought in new producers and lowered prices - KCJ now costs US$ 2.00. • Be wary of “early” marketing: Limited marketing effort - primarily word of mouth. Marketing can generate artificial short-term demand (tempting for short-term 2 year project)

19. Prospects: Improved Biomass • Significant dissemination of improved biomass energy technologies (IBTs) in Africa but … • Potential for wider dissemination of IBTs is vast – almost every country in Africa has in place an improved cookstove programme which could be significantly expanded. • There are examples of successful development of improved biofuel stoves in industrialised countries - a notable example being Austria which led to establishment of new & vibrant wood pellets industry • A successful improved biomass program can set the stage for a move towards modern biomass options. For example, efficient wood-fired boilers in forest industries can eventually be used for cogeneration.

20. Biomass Use – Expanding Use of Improved Biomass Options & Setting Stage for Moving to Modern Biomass Options Source: IEA, 2004; UNDP, 2003; Jingjing et al, 2001; Lefevre et al, 1997; Coelho et al, 2003; IEA, 2002