The Jeffersonian Era

The Jeffersonian Era Jefferson’s vision Society of sturdy, independent farmers who were happily free from the workshops, the industrial towns, and the city mobs of Europe System of universal education Cultural outlook that emphasized localism and republican simplicity Federal government with limited power Most authority in states

The Jeffersonian Era Did they succeed? Not really Vision became obsolete Diversified and more complex economy Growing cities, surging commerce, and expanding industrialism made ideal of a simple, agrarian society impossible to maintain Did manage to dismantle much of the Federalist bureaucratic power

The Jeffersonian Era Judith Sargent Murray’s Thesis Men and women were equal in intellect and potential. Women therefore should have precisely the same educational opportunities as men. Also should have same opportunities in the workplace

The Jeffersonian Era Jefferson’s vision of Native Americans Noble savages (uncivilized but not necessarily inferior) Hoped schooling Native Americans in white culture would tame and uplift tribes

The Jeffersonian Era Higher Education Less available 1 white man in 1000 Prosperous, propertied families Clergy: only profession for which college training was a prerequisite

The Jeffersonian Era Medicine Rush founded first medical school at Univ. of PA Most apprenticed to an existing practitioner Efforts to teach anatomy met with public hostility Rush: lack of sanitation programs caused spread of disease; Bleeding & purging Benj. Rush

The Jeffersonian Era National Culture Jedidiah Morse Geography Made Easy Noah Webster American students should be educated as patriots American Spelling Book Americanized system of spelling

The Jeffersonian Era C. B. Brown W. Irving Mercy O. Warren

The Jeffersonian Era Deism, universalism and Unitarianism Deism: God exists, but is a remote entity who, after creating the universe, with- drew from direct involvement with the human race and its sins Unitarianism: rejected predestination Salvation available to all Rejected Trinity (Jesus not Son of God)

The Jeffersonian Era Second Great Awakening

The Jeffersonian Era Timothy Dwight Peter Cartwright

The Jeffersonian Era Second Great Awakening Basic thrust: individuals must readmit God into daily lives, must embrace a fervent, active piety, must reject skeptical rationalism The SGA combined a more active piety with a belief that God was an active force in the world whose grace could be attained through faith and good works

The Jeffersonian Era J. Watt

The Jeffersonian Era Disciplined, routinized work with a fixed and rigid schedule

The Jeffersonian Era Moses Brown and Samuel Slater British prevented export of textile machinery or emigration of skilled mechanics Slater, a mechanic who did emigrate and built A spinning mill for Brown in Pawtucket, RI First modern factory in America

The Jeffersonian Era Eli Whitney England: enormous demand For cotton Long-staple (Sea Island) easy to separate seeds; grew successfully only along the coasts; Short-staple—sticky green seeds were hard to remove; but could grow inland

The Jeffersonian Era Cotton Engine performed cleaning task quickly and efficiently; cotton growing soon spread to upland South

The Jeffersonian Era Eli Whitney’s Other Contributions Devised a machine to make each part of a musket according to an exact pattern. Tasks could be divided among several workers and one laborer could assemble a weapon out of parts made by many others

The Jeffersonian Era As early as 1793, US merchant fleet and foreign trade larger than any European nation, other than Great Britain

The Jeffersonian Era Robert Fulton The Clermont

The Jeffersonian Era Turnpikes Toll roads with hard-packed surface of crushed rock Privately funded to produce profits Therefore construction costs had to be low— roads were relatively short

The Jeffersonian Era Washington, D. C. Designed by Pierre L’Enfant Abusive climate Republicans allowed the city to remain raw, inhospitable

The Jeffersonian Era Jefferson’s intellectual and political assets Brilliant and charming conversationalist Writer of great literary skills One of nation’s most intelligent and creative people Architect, educator, inventor, scientific farmer, philosopher Shrewd and practical politician Great lengths to eliminate the aura of majesty surrounding the presidency

The Jeffersonian Era Reversing public debt Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury was key Congress abolished all internal taxes Customs duties and sale of western lands only sources of revenue Gallatin drastically reduced government spending Cut staffs (Jefferson cut social spending) Cut national debt almost in half

The Jeffersonian Era Jefferson’s Military Policies Scaled down size of armed forces Army: 4,000 to 2,500 Navy: 25 ships to 7 plus officers & sailors Did establish the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York

The Jeffersonian Era Jefferson’s Military Policies What was my rationale in cutting the armed forces? Anything but the smallest of standing armies might menace civil liberties and civilian control of government. A large navy might promote overseas commerce, which should be secondary to agriculture.

The Jeffersonian Era War with Barbary Pirates Jefferson re-built the U. S. fleet; agreement ended tribute payments but paid $60,000 ransom for release of hostages

The Jeffersonian Era Marbury v. Madison (1803) Jefferson repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 Adams had made “midnight appointments” One was William Marbury: Justice of the Peace for Washington, D. C. Secretary of State’s job to deliver commissions Madison: new Secretary of State, refused to deliver Marbury’s commission

The Jeffersonian Era Marbury v. Madison (1803) John Marshall Court held Marbury had a right to his commission, but the Court, as stipulated in the Judiciary Act of 1789, had no right to order Madison to deliver it Congress had exceeded its authority in including that power in the Judiciary Act of 1789

The Jeffersonian Era Marbury v. Madison (1803) With the Marshall Court’s ruling, it gave itself the power to nullify an act of Congress—Judicial Review Established the Judiciary as a branch of government co-equal with the executive and legislative—a position that the founders of the republic had never clearly indicated it should occupy.

The Jeffersonian Era Impeachment of Samuel Chase Republican leaders unable to get necessary 2/3 vote for conviction in Senate Acquittal helped establish that impeachment would not become a routing political weapon, that something more than partisan disagreement should have to underlie the process

The Jeffersonian Era Louisiana Purchase

The Jeffersonian Era Louisiana Purchase Jefferson: purchase New Orleans Robert Livingston, with James Monroe, proposed, on his own authority, that the U. S. purchase all of Louisiana $15 million (2 cents an acre), French certain exclusive commercial privileges in New Orleans, & U. S. incorporate Louisiana into union with same rights and privileges

The Jeffersonian Era Jefferson’s quandary Strict Constitutionalist Federal government could rightfully exercise only those powers explicitly assigned to it Nowhere did the Constitution say anything about acquiring new territory. His advisors persuaded him that his treaty-making power under the Constitution would justify the purchase.

The Jeffersonian Era Lewis and Clark Expedition Meriweather Lewis William Clark Sacajawea

The Jeffersonian Era Mission: cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean Gather geological facts Investigate prospects for trade with Native Americans

The Jeffersonian Era

The Jeffersonian Era Burr-Hamilton Duel--1804

The Jeffersonian Era The Burr Conspiracy Aaron Burr J. Wilkinson J. Marshall The Burr Conspiracy clearly indicated that the legitimacy of the federal government and the existence of the U. S. as a stable and united nation remained to be fully established.

The Jeffersonian Era Effects of Napoleon’s Continental System U. S. caught in the middle—both British and French policies violated U. S. neutrality

The Jeffersonian Era British impressmentof American sailors British claimed the right to stop & search U. S. merchant ships and re-impress deserters. Violated own police that they would not touch native-born Americans

The Jeffersonian Era Chesapeake-Leopard Incident Capt. Barron refused to allow British to search his navy frigate British attacked; U. S. sailors killed/wounded Barron surrendered Sailors removed Jefferson expelled all British warships from U. S. waters U. S.: British must renounce impressments

The Jeffersonian Era Embargo of 1807 Jefferson: embargo on exports to other countries Hurt U.S. business more than British Serious national depression Hardest hit: NE merchants & shipbuilders Congress lifted embargo 1809

The Jeffersonian Era Tecumseh Brother of Tenskwatawa the Prophet Leader of secular efforts (political and military) Recognized that only in united action could the tribes hope to resist the advance of white civilization. Set out to unite all the Native Americans of the Mississippi Valley

The Jeffersonian Era The Battle of Tippecanoe W. H. Harrison Disillusioned many of the Prophet’s followers; confederacy in disarray

The Jeffersonian Era Southerners and Florida Continuing threat to whites in Southern U. S. Slaves escaped across border Frequent Indian raids launched into Southern U. S. from Florida Rivers in FL could provide residents of the U. S. Southwest access to ports of the Gulf of Mexico Spain was Britain’s ally

The Jeffersonian Era War hawks. . . Henry Clay (KY) Speaker of House John C. Calhoun (SC) Demanded war with Great Britain

The Jeffersonian Era War of 1812

The Jeffersonian Era War of 1812 U. S. military unprepared for war; British preoccupied with war against France (Napoleon) Highlights of the War: U. S. attempts to invade Canada failed Tecumseh killed 1813 at Battle of the Thames (disheartened Native Americans of Northwest)

The Jeffersonian Era War of 1812 1813: Oliver Hazard Perry—defeated British fleet on Lake Erie U. S. also took control of Lake Ontario and burned York (Toronto)

The Jeffersonian Era