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Chemical Bonds: Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Molecules

Learn about chemical bonds and how atoms in compounds are connected through attractive forces, resulting in new properties. Explore ionic and covalent bonds, electron configurations, and the organization of the periodic table.

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Chemical Bonds: Atoms, Elements, Compounds, and Molecules

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  1. CHEM 106 The Periodic Table Atoms/Elements BONDS Compounds/Molecules

  2. Compounds & Chemical Bonds Atoms in a compound (molecule) are in ratios of whole numbers with specific 3-dimensional arrangements due to attractive inter-atomic forces (Bonds). These bonds provide favorable energy states & spatial positions (lower energy & farther apart, but not too far, are better), which result in molecules having new chemical, physical, and biological properties.

  3. Chemical Bonds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgD9yHSJ29I

  4. Electrons, Configurations, & Bonds Noble Gases and The Rule of Eight • When anonmetaland a metal combine, they form an ionic bond: Valence electrons of the metalare lost and the nonmetal gains these electrons to achieve a Noble gas electron configuration. • When two nonmetalscombine, they form a covalent bond: They share electrons to achieve a Noble gas electron configuration.

  5. Periodic Properties http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/periodic-prop.MOV

  6. Periodic Table Properties & Organization http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/html-swf/periodictrends.htm

  7. Periodic Table Properties & Organization http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/html-swf/periodictrends.htm

  8. Number of Valence Electrons for Elements in the “A” lettered Vertical Columns Equal the Column Number Notice 8A has no ions that form. These are the stable, “inert”,“Noble”, gases

  9. Ionic Bonds • Result from electrostatic attractions of closely packed, oppositely charged ions. • Form when an atom which can easily lose electrons reacts with one which has a high electronegativity (electron affinity), that is, it can easily gain electrons. • Eg. Mg and Cl; K and O

  10. Electron Configurations

  11. Ionic Compounds • Neutrally Charged • Eg. Salt: NaCl  1 Na+ and 1 Cl - • What is the proportion of ions for a compound formed from Mg ion and chlorine? • Mg2+and Cl • 1 Mg2+combines with 2 Cl MgCl2

  12. QUESTION • Predict the formula for the binary ionic compound formed by aluminum and oxygen. • A) Al2O3 B) Al3O2 C) Al2O D) AlO2

  13. ANSWER • Predict the formula for the binary ionic compound formed by aluminum and oxygen. • A) Al2O3 B) Al3O2 C) Al2O D) AlO2

  14. Ionic vs. Covalent Bonding http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/ionic-covalent.mov

  15. Polyatomic Ions http://chemconnections.org/general/chem120/polyatomics.html These polyatomic species involve both ionic and covalent bonding.

  16. QUESTION Which formula containing polyatomic ions is correct? A) MgNO3 B) NH4CO3 C) Na(PO4)3 D) Al2(SO4)3

  17. ANSWER Which formula containing polyatomic ions is correct? A) MgNO3 B) NH4CO3 C) Na(PO4)3D) Al2(SO4)3

  18. Electronegativity http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/electronegativity.mov

  19. Electronegativity http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/Periodic-e.n.MOV

  20. QUESTION

  21. B) Rb < O < F Electronegativities increase moving up a column and to the right in the periodic table. ANSWER .

  22. QUESTION

  23. D) ionic bonds If two atoms have greatly differing electronegativities the more electronegative atom will pull on the bonding electrons so strongly the electrons will transfer from one atom to the other. ANSWER .

  24. Chemical Formulas &Molecular Representations http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/Representations.MOV

  25. Structural Representations of Quinine

  26. Proteins & Small Molecules The interaction of a large protein bio-polymer, acetylcholinesterase, with a relatively small molecule of acetylcholine. A general process similar to the way that scientists that think we smell and many physiological processes. http://chemconnections.org/general/movies/richard.mpg

  27. Detecting stuff we cannot see: the Sense of Smell Models, Theories & Interactions Structure-Odor Relationships Karen J. Rossiter, Chem. Rev., 1996, 96, 3201-3240

  28. Historical view of a few smell receptors. 4 October 2004 The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004 jointly to Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck for their discoveries of "odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"

  29. Shapes & Interactions: Mirror Images &Smell S-(+)-d- R-(-)-l- S-(+)- caraway R-(-)- spearmint

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