Announcements

1. Announcements ● Tutoring Center SCI I, 407 M 12-3, 5:30-6:30; W 8-9, 5:30-6:30, Th 8-12, 6-7; F 8-9 ● MasteringBiology Assignment due Tuesday 5/24 • ●Today’s Lecture: parts of Chapters 11-12

2. Biotechnology • Biotechnology: • Is the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products • Biotechnology today means the use of DNAtechnology, methods for: • •Studying and manipulating genetic material • •Modifying specific genes • •Moving genes between organisms

3. Biotechnology Clone – from the Greek “Klon” meaning genetic duplicate •Reproductive cloning •Therapeutic cloning •Recombinant DNA Technology (or DNA cloning)

4. Biotechnology Reproductive cloning Reproductive cloning

5. Biotechnology Reproductive cloning Reproductive cloning

6. Reproductive Cloning (b) Cloning for medical use (a) The first cloned cat Mouflon calf with mother Gaur Banteng Gray wolf

7. Human Cloning • Cloning of animals ●Has heightened speculation about human cloning ●Is very difficult and inefficient • Critics raise practical and ethical objections to human cloning.

8. 0 Concept Check: Clicker Question • Nuclear transplantation experiments provide strong evidence for which of the following? A. Differentiated vertebrate cells still maintain their full complement of DNA. B. Differentiated vertebrate cells do not maintain their full complement of DNA. C. Vertebrate cloning is not feasible. D. Cell differentiation is an irreversible process.

9. Biotechnology • The purpose of therapeutic cloning is not to produce a viable organism but to produce embryonic stem cells. • Embryonic stem cells • (ES cells) • Are derived from blastocysts • Can give rise to specific types of differentiated cells

10. Biotechnology Adult stem cells • Are cells in adult tissues • Generate replacements for nondividing differentiated cells Different culture conditions Different types of differentiated cells Adult stem cells in bone marrow Blood cells Cultured embryonic stem cells Nerve cells Heart muscle cells

11. Biotechnology Therapeutic cloning http://www.rndsystems.com/dam_public/6515.jpg

12. 0 Biology and Society ●Embryonic stem cells are currently derived from extra human blastocysts that sometimes result from in vitro fertilization techniques. From 2001 to 2009, stem cell research supported by U.S. agencies was restricted to only a small number of stem cell lines. (Meanwhile, other countries were going ahead with embryonic stem cell research.) But in March 2009, President Obama signed an executive order reversing federal opposition to embryonic stem cell research. • Do you support the current U.S. governmental policy on stem cell research? Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree A. D. C. B. E.

13. Recombinant DNA technology DNA isolated from two sources and cut by the same enzyme Plasmid (vector) Gene of interest Some uses of genes: Some uses of proteins: Recombinant DNA Gene for pest resistance Protein for dissolving clots Gene for toxic-cleanup bacteria Protein for “stone-washing” jeans Transgenic organisms Useful products

14. Examples: • In 1982, the world’s first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was sold. • Humulin, human insulin: • ●Was produced by genetically modified bacteria • ●Was the first recombinant DNA drug approved by the FDA

15. Genetically Modified (GM) Foods • In the United States today, roughly one-half of the corn crop and over three-quarters of the soybean and cotton crops are genetically modified. • ●Corn has been genetically modified to resist insect infestation.

16. Genetically Modified (GM) Foods Golden Rice

17. Other Examples: Palmiter et al. (1982) Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionine-growth hormone fusion genes. Nature 300: 611-615 “Supermice”

18. First Glowing Pet Weeding Out Land Mines http://www.glofish.com/

19. DNA PROFILING AND FORENSIC SCIENCE • DNA profiling: • Can be used to determine if two samples of genetic material are from a particular individual • Has rapidly revolutionized the field of forensics, the scientific analysis of evidence from crime scenes

20. Investigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA • DNA profiling can be used to: • Test the guilt of suspected criminals • Identify tissue samples of victims • Resolve paternity cases • Identify contraband animal products • Trace the evolutionary history of organisms

21. DNA PROFILING AND FORENSIC SCIENCE Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Crime scene • ●To produce a DNA profile, scientists compare genetic markers, sequences in the genome that vary from person to person. DNA isolated DNA amplified DNA compared

22. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis • RepetitiveDNA: • Makes up much of the DNA that lies between genes in humans • Consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome STR site 1 STR site 2 AGAT GATA Crime scene DNA Different numbers of short tandem repeats Same number of short tandem repeats Suspect’s DNA AGAT GATA

23. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis Amplified suspect’s DNA Amplified crime scene DNA Longer fragments Shorter fragments

24. GENOMICS Genomics is the science of studying complete sets of genes (genomes). ●The first targets of genomics were bacteria. ●As of 2009, the genomes of nearly one thousand species have been published, including: Baker’s yeast Mice Fruit flies Rice

25. The Human Genome Project • Begun in 1990, the HumanGenomeProject was a massive scientific endeavor: • ● To determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genome and • ● To identify the location and sequence of every gene At the completion of the project in 2004: ●Over 99% of the genome had been determined to 99.999% accuracy ● 3.2 billion nucleotide pairs were identified ● About 21,000 genes were found ● About 98% of the human DNA was identified as noncoding

26. Table 12.1

27. Chromosome Chop up with restriction enzyme http://www.otogenetics.com/ https://www.23andme.com/ DNA fragments Sequence fragments Align fragments Reassemble full sequence