US History

1. US History WWII World War Two Chapter 20

2. Bell Questions A • Under Stalin, family farms were combined into ___________ or became government owned. • collectives • In 1931Japan invades what part of China? • Manchuria • The National Socialist German Workers’ Party is also know as what? • the Nazi Party • What does Mein Kampf mean, and who writes it? • “My Struggle” / Hitler • In 1935 what treaty did Hitler defy? • Treaty of Versailles • 1939, Germany invaded which country? • Poland. • Which two countries declared War on Germany after the invade Poland? • -Britain and France • What was the only port that Germany had not captured in France at the beginning of the war? • -Dunkirk • This act made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war • Neutrality Act of 1935 • The British had developed a new technology called • Radar • What laws took citizenship away from Jewish Germans and banned marriage between Jews and other Germans • Nuremberg Laws • Founder of Italy’s Fascist Party In 1919 • Benito Mussolini • Italy's fascist militia • Blackshirts - • The German air force was called the • Luftwaffe

3. What country suffered the most Jewish losses in WWII? • -Poland • What type of camp were the elderly, the infirm, and young children sent to? • extermination camps • United States supplied roughly how much of Japan’s oil? • 80 percent • How many members of the House of Representatives voted against declaring war on Japan. • One • XName of the German government’s secret police • Gestapo • Nazis killed nearly how many Jews? • 6 million • What does Kristallnacht mean in English? • “night of broken glass,” • What concentration camp was built near Weimar, Germany in 1937? (One of the Largest) • -Buchanwald • Of the estimated 1,600,000 people who died at Auschwitz how many were Jewish? • 1,300,000 • Massive gas chambers were built to kill how many people at a time • 2,000

4. NOTES World War Two - Chapter 20 The Rise of Dictators Video • Mussolini and Fascism in Italy • Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party In 1919 • Fascism - the nation more important than the individual • nations became great by building an empire • Portrayed fascism as a safeguard against communism • Return Italy to the glories of the Roman Empire • Blackshirts -Fascist militia

5. Notes (Mussolini Cont) • 1922- king appoints Mussolini premier • sets up a dictatorship • Italians welcomed Mussolini’s leadership • Takes the title of Il Duce, or “The Leader” • ambitious program of bringing order to Italy.

6. Notes • Stalin Takes Over the USSR • Vladimir Lenin established communist governments throughout the Russian Empire • 1922 –renamed - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • one-party rule • suppressed individual liberties • punished opponents • Joseph Stalin (Link) takes over after the death of Lenin (1924)

7. Not Notes (Stalin cont.) • Born with the surname of Dzuhgashvili, Stalin replaced his last name with the Russian word stal, meaning“steel.”Between 1902 and 1913, he had been imprisoned or exiled seven times, but he always escaped.

8. Notes (Stalin cont.) • Stalin becomes Soviet dictator by 1926 • massive effort to industrialize- Five-Year Plans • 1928 -1937, steel production rose from 4 million to 18 million tons • industrial wages fell by 43 percent • Family farms - combined into collectives, or became government-owned • As many as 10 million peasants died in famines during 1932 and 1933 • 2 million people in concentration camps- slave labor - in the arctic Video • Close 60 million total die as a result of Stalin’s rule

9. Notes • Hitler and Nazi Germany • Adolf Hitler – Austrian • fought for Germany in World War I • National Socialist German Workers’ Party- the Nazi Party • Called to expand territory and not abide by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles • anti-Semitic • Hitler arrested after trying to seize power by marching on Berlin

10. Notes • In prison writes- Mein Kampf(“My Struggle”) • called for unification of all Germans under one government • Germans, particularly blond, blue-eyed Germans, belonged to a “master race” called Aryans • needed more space -expand east into Poland and Russia • blamed the Jews for Germany’s defeat in World War I

11. Notes • After release- focused on getting Nazis elected • 1932 largest party in the lower house of parliament –Reichstag • 1933 German president appointed Hitler as chancellor/prime minister • Storm troopers- Nazi paramilitary units (4 Million) • intimidating voters

12. July 1934 - Night of the Long Knives: Hitler moves against political opponents/traitors to Germany. Claimed that 61 had been executed while 13 had been shot resisting arrest and three had committed suicide. Others have argued that as many as 400 people were killed during the purge. • 1934 Hitler becomes president • gives himself the new title of Der Führer, or “The Leader.”

13. Notes • Militarists Control Japan • Depression • had to import nearly all of the resources they needed to produce goods • tariffs made the situation even worse • democracy - “un-Japanese”, bad for the country • military leaders argued –to get resources it needed territory

14. Notes • 1931- invade Manchuria, a resource-rich region of northern China • Japanese PM (InukaiTsuyoshi) assassinated for negotiating with China • military now controlled the country • military officer serves as PM instead of civilian

16. Notes American Neutrality Video (20/1) • Two reasons Americans leaned toward isolationism 1. The Nye Committee • Senator Nye - North Dakota held hearings on whether arms manufacturers had tricked the US into entering WWI • Arms factories had made huge profits during the war 2. Europeans refuse to repay their loans

17. Note Legislating Neutrality • Neutrality Act of 1935- actions of aggressive nations might lead to war • illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war- belief that arms sales had helped bring the US into WWI • Congress passed a second neutrality act, banning the sale of arms to either side in a civil war- Shortly after the Spanish Civil War started

18. Notes • The Axis Powers Unite – Germany, Italy and Japan • Neutrality Act of 1937 • warring nations must buy all nonmilitary supplies on a “cash-and-carry” basis • No loans • Must send their own ships to pick up goods • attacks on American ships carrying supplies to Europe had helped bring the country into World War I

19. Notes Roosevelt’s Internationalism • Roosevelt first priority- ending the Great Depression • not an isolationist – favored internationalism • idea that trade between nations creates prosperity and helps prevent war • When Japan further attacks China, he steps in to sell arms to China – neither side had declared war, so it did not violate the Neutrality Act of 1937

20. Notes Path to War • 1935 Hitler defies the Treaty of Versailles • builds new air force • military draft • Invades the Rhineland without any resistance • European leaders try to negotiate with Hitler • wanted to avoid bloodshed • thought -Hitler’s demands were reasonable, including his demand that all German-speaking regions be united • Nazis would be more interested in peace once they gained more territory

21. Notes • The Austrian Anschluss (Annexation) • Unification of all German- speaking people, including those in Austria and Czechoslovakia • sent troops into Austria - announced the Anschluss, or unification • Munich Conference, September 29, 1938, Chamberlain agreed to Hitler’s demands for part of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland) - appeasement. • Germany later invades Czechoslovakia

23. Notes • Hitler demands Danzig (Poland) and a path through the Polish Corridor • The Nazi-Soviet Pact • Nonaggression treaty • Stalin - Germany would go to war against Britain and France, and the USSR would be safe • secret deal to divide Poland • Treaty shocked the world • Communism and Nazism were supposed to be totally opposed to each other • Other countries unaware of secret deal to divide Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union

26. Notes War Begins • September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. • Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. • World War II had begun. • Poland -army was outdated. • Attempted to defend their border • Rode horses and carried lances • Germans -new type of warfare called blitzkrieg, or “lightning war”

27. Notes • Blitzkrieg used large numbers of massed tanks to break through and encircle enemy positions. To support the tanks, waves of aircraft bombed enemy positions and dropped paratroopers to cut their supply lines. • Polish capital, Warsaw, fell to the Germans on September 27 • By October 5, 1939,in a little over a month, Germans had defeated the Polish military • Video (20/2)Map video

29. Notes • The Fall of France • Maginot Line (ma-zhee-noh)- concrete bunkers and fortifications • The 350 mile long Maginot line cost France about $150 million in the 1930s, or about $2.3 billion in today's dollars. • French preferred to wait behind the Maginot Line for the Germans to approach • Disastrous for two reasons • Allowed Germany to concentrate on Poland • Went around the Line (gun were not 360)

33. Not Notes • The French did not think that large numbers of tanks could move through the Ardennes Mountains of Luxembourg and eastern Belgium, and had left only a few troops to defend that part of the border. The Germans smashed through the French lines, and then turned west across northern France to the English Channel. The British and French armies could not move back into France quickly enough and were trapped in Belgium.

34. Notes Dunkirk (Hitler) • Germans drove France and Britain toward the English Channel • Only hope was to evacuate surviving troops by sea • Germans had captured all but the port of Dunkirk • Hitler suddenly ordered the advancing troops to stop • Gave British three-day delay to strengthen their lines and begin evacuation

35. Notes • Some 850 ships of all sizes—from navy warships to small sailboats operated by civilian volunteers—headed to Dunkirk from England, many of them making the 48-mile trip multiple times. French, Dutch, and Belgian ships joined British ones in “Operation Dynamo.” The British had hoped to rescue about 45,000 troops. Instead.... • An estimated 338,000 British and French troops had been saved- the “Miracle at Dunkirk.” • However, most equipment remained at Dunkirk • June 22, 1940 French surrenderin the same railway car in which the Germans had surrendered at the end of World War I

36. Notes • Hitler did not anticipate the strength of the British and their leader, Winston Churchill –replaced Neville Chamberlain • June 4, 1940, Churchill delivered a defiant speech -never surrender • Hitler ordered invasion- English Channel-problem • had to defeat the Royal Air Force • Luftwaffe - German air force • 1940 launched all-out air battle to destroy Royal Air Force- known as the Battle of Britain

37. Notes • On August 23, German bombers accidentally bombed London, the British capital • attack on civilians enraged the British • bombed Berlin the following night • Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe to stop its attacks on British military targets and to concentrate on bombing London • terrorize them into surrender • Endure-took refuge in cellars and subway stations whenever German bombers appeared

38. Notes • Royal Air Force –is outnumbered • major advantage -developed a new technology called radar • detect incoming German aircraft • intercept them • British fighters inflicted more losses on Germans • Poles, Canadians, Frenchmen, and a few Americans helped • thwarted Hitler’s plan to invade Britain

39. “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” • October 12, 1940-Hitler canceled the invasion of Britain.

40. Notes The Holocaust – The Final Solution • Hebrew term for Holocaust -Shoah • meaning “catastrophe,” • specifically refers to campaign to exterminate the Jews • Nazis killed nearly 6 million Jews • Millions of others considered inferior; roughly 11 million total

41. PROGRESSION OF DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS JEWS • The NAZI party and Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933 and slowly began their program against the Jews of Germany • In 1933 there were 566,000 Jews living in Germany. • Each new year in Germany led to harsher policies directed towards the Jews.

42. 1933 • NAZIS boycott Jewish businesses • issue decree that defines non-Aryans • first concentration camps (Dachau) are built to jail political opponents. • Hermann Goering (Luftwaffe chief and Nazi party leader) creates the GESTAPO • Goering was a WWI flying ace who transformed the German air force, the Luftwaffe, into a formidable force.  Next in Command behind Hitler.

43. 1934 • Jews are not allowed to have national health insurance • the SS (Schutzstaffel) is formed as a “Protection Squadron” • SS was a major paramilitary organization under Hitler. It began with a small guard unit made up of Nazi volunteers to provide security for Nazi Party meetings. (Grew to be the foremost agency of surveillance and terror within Germany itself and the occupied territories in Europe) • Hitlerbecomes Der Fuherer and receives a 90% approval rating from the people

45. Notes The Nuremberg Laws • Nazis -quickly moved to deprive German Jews of many rights • 1935-Nuremberg Laws • moved to deprive German Jews of many established rights • took citizenship away • banned marriage between Jews and other German • defined a Jew as a person with at least one Jewish grandparent • barred Jews from holding public office or voting • compelled Jews with German-sounding names to adopt “Jewish” names • passports of Jews were marked with a red J to identify them as Jewish

46. 1935- Nuremberg Race Laws

47. 1936 • SS Deathshead division is created to guard camps • Heinreich Himmler is appointed Chief of the German Police • Olympic games in Berlin, Jews treated better - briefly. • By the end of 1936 half of Germany’s Jews were jobless • Couldn’t work as civil servants, journalists, farmers, teachers, and actors

48. 1937 • Jews are not allowed to teach Germans • not allowed to be accountants or dentists • “Eternal Jew” exhibit opened in Germany • this promoted stereo-types of Jews and warned Germans