Macromolecules

1. Macromolecules

2. Introduction • Organic Compounds – contain carbon and hydrogen atoms • Inorganic Compounds – contain one or the other, but not both. • Most of your body’s molecules are organic.

3. Macromolecules • Built from small organic compounds by linking a lot of chains

4. Monomers • Large carbon compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules. Mono = One

5. Polymers • When monomers bind to one another to form a complex molecule. • Poly = many • Consists of repeated linked units which bind forming Macromolecules. • Macro = large

6. Chemical reactions • Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction called condensationreaction or dehydration synthesis. • Water is released or is a byproduct of the reaction.

7. Hydrolysis • Break down of some complex molecules • Hydrolysis is the reverse of a condensation reaction.

8. 4 main types of macromolecules • 1. Carbohydrates • 2. Lipids • 3. Proteins • 4. Nucleic Acids

9. Carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the proportion of 1:2:1 • Glucose formula: C6H12O6 • SHORT TERM ENERGY • MAIN Source of Energy

10. Monosaccharide's • Simple sugars Examples • Glucose: found in blood of animals • Galactose: found in milk • Fructose: found in fruit Isomers – same formula, but different structure

11. Disaccharides • Contain 2 monosaccharide's joined by dehydration synthesis. Examples • Lactose: found in milk • Sucrose: transported in plants

12. Polysaccharides • Carbohydrates formed from linking individual sugars into long chains. Examples • Starch: storage of glucose in in plants • Cellulose: contained in cell walls of plants • Glycogen: storage of glucose in animals (stored in the muscles and liver)

14. Lipids • Do not dissolve in water 3 Functions • Energy storage – LONG TERM ENERGY • Structural support for cell membranes • Serve as a reactant (starting material) for metabolic reactions

15. Lipids Cont. • Phospholipids make up the cell membrane.

16. Fatty Acids • Building blocks that make up most lipids • Classified as either saturated or unsaturated

17. Saturated Fatty Acids • Have the maximum number of bonds possible • They are full • Usually solid at room temp • Most come from animal products

18. Unsaturated Fatty Acids • Have double bonds in the carbon chain • Most are liquid at room temp • Usually referred to as oils

19. Triglycerides • Tri = 3 • Common lipid that contains fatty acids • Glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids in the shape of an E by condensation reaction.

20. Proteins • Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen atoms • Construction materials for body part like hair, skin, nails, and blood

21. Amino Acids • The building blocks that make up most proteins. • 20 different kinds of amino acids

22. Enzymes • Important group of proteins • Help control chemical reactions by acting as catalysts. • Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy. • Enzyme rates are affected by Ph, hot and cold temperatures.

23. Enzymes - Add • Substrates – reactants of enzyme – catalyzed reactions. • Reduces the energy needed for the reaction. • Works like a lock and key.

25. VERY IMPORTANT • Proteins DO NOT produce, store, transmit, or have anything to do with ENERGY. • Do not get confused with protein bars!!!

26. Nucleic Acids • Complex organic molecules that store genetic information in the cell.

27. Nucleotides • Nucleotides are the building blocks that make up most nucleic acids • Consist of sugar, base, phosphate

28. 3 main types of Nucleic Acids • 1. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic info inside the nucleus of cells 2. RNA – Ribonucleic acid - code for protein synthesis 3. ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate - Contains a base, sugar, and 3 phosphates - ATP is used as energy for the cell