1. MACROMOLECULES

2. MOLECULAR CHAINS Formed by bonding small molecules [monomers] together into chains called polymers

3. These larger molecules, macromolecules, may be composed of thousands of atoms. The 4 major classes of macromolecules are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids.

4. Carbohydrates – Carbohydrates are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general molecular formula CH2O. CARBOHYDRATES

5. Three Types: • Monosaccharides – A simple sugar or carbohydrate which cannot be broken down any further. Its molecular formula is C6H12O6, & the most common is glucose. Glucose

6. Three Types: B) Disaccharide – A double sugar or a combination of two simple sugar molecules. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are disaccharides.

8. Lactose

9. C) Polysaccharide – A polysaccharide is a complex compound composed of a large number of glucose units. Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen. One function of polysaccharides is as an energy storage macromolecule that is hydrolyzed as needed. Starch is a storage polysaccharide composed entirely of glucose monomers. Plants can store surplus glucose in starch and withdraw it when needed for energy or carbon. Animals that feed on plants, especially parts rich in starch, can also access this starch to support their own metabolism. Starch granules in potato tuber cells Glucosemonomer STARCH Glycogen granules in muscle tissue GLYCOGEN Cellulose fibrils ina plant cell wall CELLULOSE Cellulosemolecules

10. Animals also store glucose in a polysaccharide called glycogen. Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen in the liver and muscles but only have about a one day supply.

12. Structural polysaccharides form strong building materials. Cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells.

13. Cellulose in our food passes through the digestive tract, stimulating the secretion of mucus, and is eliminated in feces as “insoluble fiber”. Some microbes can digest cellulose to its glucose monomers through the use of cellulase enzymes. Many eukaryotic herbivores, like cows and termites, have symbiotic relationships with cellulolytic microbes, allowing them access to this rich source of energy.

15. Another important structural polysaccharide is chitin, used in the exoskeletons of arthropods (including insects, spiders, and crustaceans). Chitin also forms the structural support for the cell walls of many fungi.

16. Lipids Lipids are organic compounds that dissolve poorly, if at all, in water (hydrophobic). The unifying feature of lipids is that they all have little or no affinity for water. This is because their structures are dominated by nonpolar covalent bonds. Fatty Acids Saturated MonoUnsaturated PolyUnsaturated

18. A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids.

19. Most animal fats are saturated fats which are solid at room temperature. A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) through plaque deposits.

20. Fats with unsaturated fatty acids are unsaturated fats. Plant and fish fats, known as oils, are liquid at room temperature.

21. The major function of fats is energy storage. A gram of fat stores more than twice as much energy as a gram of a polysaccharide. Humans and other mammals store fats as long-term energy reserves in special cells. Fat also functions to cushion vital organs.

22. Blubber A layer of fats can also function as insulation. This subcutaneous layer is especially thick in whales, seals, and most other marine mammals.

23. Lipid Types Chart

24. Phospholipids have two fatty acids attached to glycerol and a phosphate group.

25. The interaction of phospholipids with water is complex. The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head.

26. When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into aggregates with hydrophobic tails pointing toward the center and hydrophilic heads on the outside.

27. Phospholipids are the major component of membranes.

28. Lipid Types Chart

29. Cholesterol Stabilizes the cell membrane

30. Cholesterol lipids

32. Lipid Digestion Animation http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/fatty_acid_metabolism/fatty_acid_metabolism.htm

33. PROTEINS a.k.a. “PolyPeptides”

34. PROTEINS Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes phosphorus and sulfur. Approx. 50% of the dry weight of living matter is protein.

35. PROTEINS Proteins are instrumental in about everything that an organism does. These functions include structural support, and are the enzymes that break and construct products in our bodies

36. PROTEINS Proteins are instrumental in about everything that an organism does. Proteins are the overwhelming # of enzymes in a cell and break down and put together materials in the body.

37. PROTEINS Humans have tens of thousands of different proteins, each with their own structure and function. What are proteins made out of? I’m not sure

38. Amino Acids Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins. a.a.

39. Carboxylgroup Aminogroup PEPTIDEBOND Condensationsynthesis Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptide Amino Acids Amino acids are assembled into chains by means of peptide bonds.

40. PEPTIDE BONDS • Peptide Bond = A bond between two amino acids.

41. Proteins in the 3rd Dimension • The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids. Each protein is a different sequence!

42. ENZYMES Protein that speeds up a chemical reaction *Involved in nearly all metabolic processes.

43. Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction, allowing it to occur more rapidly. The enzyme binds with the substrate but resumes its original conformation after forming the enzyme-substrate complex.

44. ENzYMe ANIMATIONS

46. Nucleic Acids – long polymers involved in heredity and in the manufacture of different kinds of proteins. The two most important nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. DNA

47. Nucleotides – These are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are complex molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA

48. DNA – Chromosomes and genes are composed mainly of DNA. It is composed of Deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups. DNA

49. Thymine O CH3 Cytosine Guanine N O NH2 N O HN N H N Double Bond Triple Bond O Adenine Nitrogenous Base O H2N Sugar N N H N H N NH2 Phosphate Group OH N N N H The 4 Nitrogenous Bases Of DNA

50. RNA RNA – is involved in protein synthesis. Unlike DNA, it is composed of the sugar ribose and the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine.