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Toward Civil War

1840-1861. Toward Civil War. Slavery and the West. Essential Question: Did the compromises that Congress made effectively address slavery and sectionalism? Why or Why not?. American Diary.

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Toward Civil War

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  1. 1840-1861 Toward Civil War

  2. Slavery and the West • Essential Question: • Did the compromises that Congress made effectively address slavery and sectionalism? Why or Why not?

  3. American Diary • On May 24, 1854, the people of Boston erupted in outrage. Federal officers had seized Anthony Burns, a runaway enslaved African American who lived in Boston, to return him to slavery. Abolitionists tried to rescue Burns from the federal court house, and city leaders attempted to buy his freedom. All efforts failed. Federal troops escorted Burns to a ship that would carry him back to Virginia and into slavery. In a gesture of bitter protest, Bostonians draped buildings in black and hung the American flag upside down.

  4. Missouri Applies for Statehood • Missouri applied for statehood in 1819 • 11 states are free states • 11 states are slave states • Admission of Missouri would upset balance in the Senate • Differing economic systems and sectionalism create much tension between North and South

  5. Missouri Compromise • Admitted Missouri as slave state and Maine as a free state • Banned slavery in the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36⁰30’N latitude line • Preserved balance between slave and free state in Senate

  6. The Compromise of 1850 • Addressed slavery in the territories when Southerners threatened to secede from the Union • Admitted California as a freestate • Stronger laws that required states to return fugitive slaves • New territories would have no limits on slavery • Slave trade banned in Washington D.C.

  7. Making Connections • Answer the Essential Question: Did the compromises that Congress made effectively address slavery and sectionalism? Why or why not? • Compromise of 1850 • North’s Gains • South’s Gains

  8. A Nation Dividing • Essential Question: • How did popular sovereignty lead to violence in Kansas?

  9. The Fugitive Slave Act • Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves • Many Northerners refused to cooperate • Pooled money to buy freedom • Northern juries refused to convict those in violation • Underground Railroad

  10. The Kansas-Nebraska Act • Proposed that Kansas and Nebraska be admitted to the Union • Located North of the 36⁰30’N latitude, the Missouri Compromise would deem them free states • South would not agree to this • North would then have more votes in the Senate • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed abandoning the Missouri Compromise • Suggested popular sovereignty decide the issue • Passed in 1854

  11. Conflict In Kansas • Pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups rushed into Kansas • Border Ruffians swayed the vote and Kansas became a slave state • Anti-slavery people refused to accept the new slave laws • Armed themselves and held elections • Adopted constitution that banned slavery January 1856 – rival governments existed in Kansas

  12. Bleeding Kansas • May 1856 – slavery supporters attacked Lawrence, Kansas • Abolitionist John Brown retaliated • Killed 5 supporters at Pottawatomie Creek • Armed bands soon roamed the territory

  13. Making Connections • 1. How did Northerners defy the Fugitive Slave Act? • 2. How would the issue of slavery be decided under the Kansas-Nebraska Act? • 3. Answer the Essential Question: How did popular sovereignty lead to violence in Kansas?

  14. Challenges to Slavery • Essential Question: • What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision?

  15. Election of 1854 • Antislavery Whigs and Democrats join the Free Soil Party • Free Soil Party: “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor and Free Men” • Whigs, antislavery Democrats and Free Soilers form the new Republican party • Congressional and state elections divide the country politically • North: Republicans • South: Democrats

  16. The Dred Scott Case • Dred Scott: enslaved African American owned by a Missouri (slave state) army doctor • Family moved around a lot to areas where slavery was prohibited • Returned to Missouri and the Dr. died • 1846 – Scott sued for his freedom

  17. The Court’s Decision • Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was still an enslaved person • Enslaved people are not citizens and cannot bring suit • Enslaved people are property and property cannot be taken away without due process • Ruled the Missouri Compromise and popular sovereignty unconstitutional • The decision meant that the Constitution protected slavery • Anti-slavery groups were outraged and country became even more divided

  18. Congressional Election of 1858 • Senate race between Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and Republican Abraham Lincoln • Douglas: disliked slavery but believed in popular sovereignty • Lincoln: saw slavery as morally wrong and it should not be allowed to spread

  19. Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of 7 debates on the issue of slavery • Douglas wins the election • Lincoln gains national reputation as a man of clear thinking who could argue with force and persuasion

  20. The Raid on Harpers Ferry • Abolitionist John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA • Targeted an arsenal to arm enslaved African Americans to start a rebellion • Raid was defeated by local citizens and federal troops • Convicted of treason and executed • His death rallied abolitionists and put the nation on the brink of war

  21. Making Connections • 1. How did the Lincoln-Douglas debates benefit Lincoln? • 2. Answer the Essential Question: What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision?

  22. Secession and War • Essential Question: • What led to the outbreak of the Civil War?

  23. Secession • Lincoln wins presidential Election of 1860 over Stephen A. Douglas • South Carolina voted to secede from the Union • Compromise was attempted but no agreement over slavery could be reached • By 1861, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida and Georgia seceded and formed the Confederacy

  24. The Confederacy • Confederate states of America elected Jefferson Davis president • Southerners argued that the Union had violated their states’ rights by • Refusing to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act • Denying Southern states equal rights in the territories • Many Southerners welcomed secession • Many Northerners thought the Union should be preserved

  25. Confederate States of America

  26. Lincoln Takes Office • In his inaugural speech, Lincoln stated that secession would not be permitted • Warned the South against the consequences of Civil War • Asked the South to reconsider • April 12, 1861: Confederate forces attacked the Union held Fort Sumter and took the fort • Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas joined the Confederacy • Civil War had begun

  27. Making Connections • 1. What do you think Lincoln’s priorities were when he took office? • 2. What is the significance of the attack on Fort Sumter? • 3. Answer the Essential Question: What led to the outbreak of the Civil War?

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