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Civil War

Civil War. Part 1. Election of 1860 and secession winter. Abraham Lincoln’s name did not appear on the ballot in ten states Lincoln won all free states except New Jersey John C. Breckinridge, with a southern-rights platform, won the entire Lower South

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Civil War

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  1. Civil War Part 1

  2. Election of 1860 and secession winter • Abraham Lincoln’s name did not appear on the ballot in ten states • Lincoln won all free states except New Jersey • John C. Breckinridge, with a southern-rights platform, won the entire Lower South • Lincoln won in the Electoral College by 28 votes

  3. Secession of the Lower South Dec 1860-Feb 1861

  4. Confederate States of America • Also known as the Confederacy, was a government set up in 1861 by seven southern slave states that had declared their secession from the U.S.. • Jefferson Davis

  5. Upper South chooses sides • Would it fight against the Lower South or the Union? • Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia joined the Confederacy • Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri • In the end 11 of the 15 slave states joined the Confederate States of America; four of the seceding Upper South states contained significant numbers of people who felt little affection for the Confederacy

  6. Attack on Fort Sumter • Spring 1861 occupied by 80 US soldiers • It is at the entrance to Charleston Harbor • For the south it represented the nation they had abandoned • For the North it was a symbol of federal sovereignty in the seceded states

  7. Davis sent Confederate troops to bombard the fort • Lincoln had to provision it, but did not send troops • For Jefferson Davis the territorial integrity of the Confederacy demanded the end of the US presence; • He sent troops against adviceof his colleagues

  8. Confederacy successful • Anderson surrendered • Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for 90 days to put down the rebellion

  9. The Combatants North • Expecting to win • Lincoln strategy applied pressure at many points, and blocked the export and sale of the South’s cotton crop • Neither side predicted the magnitude and duration of the war • South believed it would triumph despite enormous advantages of the Union • South believed North was dependent on its cotton crop, • South believed cotton would make Europe its ally • Confederacy military strategy of the South to stay at home, blunt invasions, avoid battles that risk its army, and outlast the North’s will to fight South

  10. Bloody Missouri • Southern sympathizers roamed Missouri for the duration of the conflict • In the border states, it became a ‘brothers’ war” dividing families over the issue of slavery

  11. 1861-1862

  12. Mobilizing • At first it appeared the South had the advantage • Lincoln had little military experience but he made up for it with wise cabinet choices; his rhetorical skills roused the North • Davis turned out to be quarrelsome and proud and made some enemies

  13. Adversaries

  14. Confederacy made prodigious efforts to build new factories, but the Confederate army faced continual shortages • North repurposed already established resources and troops • Both sides sold war bonds and collected taxes to pay the huge costs associated with establishing a large army • Both sides had large numbers of volunteers, but the North had the advantage of established factories

  15. 1863-1865

  16. Navy

  17. Union Colored Infantry

  18. Ordnance

  19. Union Victories in West • Rivers key to military situation • Mississippi • Tennessee • Cumberland • Missouri Battle of Pea Ridge left the state free of Confederates army • Rebel failures in the far West meant there would be no Confederate empire beyond Texas

  20. ‘except by complete conquest’ • Principal western battles took place in Tennessee where General Ulysses S. Grant emerged as the key northern commander • Feb 1862 Grant captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland, forcing Confederates to withdraw from all of Kentucky and most of Tennessee • April, Union forces prevailed at the costly battle of Shiloh in Tennessee, and Grant realized the Union would not be victorious ‘except by complete conquest.’

  21. Atlantic Theater • Union Navy—three dozen ships on 3,500 miles of coastline • Eventually grew to 150 blockade ships • Confederates could not compete with a conventional Navy, so improvised, ironclad warship, and underwater vessels

  22. Ulysses S. Grant

  23. International Diplomacy • Confederates sought foreign help, hoping cotton-starved Europeans would help • No other country challenged the Union blockade or recognized the Confederate States of America as a nation • Lincoln announced that an alliance with the Confederacy was an alliance with slavery

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