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typography basics

Here we are giving an comprehensive presentation on typography. the presentation will be help-full for both the beginner and professional graphic designer.

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typography basics

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  1. - An Overview • Presented By: • ADMEC Multimedia Institute www.admecindia.co.in

  2. Introduction • Here we are giving brief overview on typography, its significance, typefaces, categories & classification of typefaces, typeface anatomy and basic typography terminology…. • Also you will read about some practical guidelines about the use of typefaces

  3. What is Typography? “The art and skill of designing communication by means of the printed words.”

  4. “Typography is means by which words, conceived in someone’s mind and then put down on paper are made available to the world at large."

  5. Significance • Typography forms integral part of a good graphic design. • Largely used to create moods. • Crucial in the design of advertisements, magazines, newspaper and corporate identities. • Different fonts suggest different context & ideas. • Some typefaces even have special functions.

  6. What are Typefaces? “It’s the set of letters, numbers, and other charactersthat share common design features.”

  7. We describe the size of type in points and picas, not inches. There are approximately 12 points to a pica and 6 picas to an inch. 1012 16 20243236 486080

  8. Points & Picas • While fonts are measured in points, pages are measured in picas (column width). 12 points = 1pica 6 picas = 1 inch

  9. Typeface Classification • Roman: Antiqua (Old Style), Didone (Modern), Sans-serif, Script, Serif, Slab serif, Transitional • Black-letter: Fraktur, Rotunda, Schwabacher, Textualis • Gaelic: Angular, Uncial

  10. Typeface Categories Typefaces can be categorized as: • Serif • Sans Serif • Script • Decorative/Ornamental

  11. Serif

  12. Sans Serif

  13. Script • Script typefaces are based upon the varied and often fluid • stroke created by handwriting. They are organized into highly • regular formal types similar to cursive writing and looser, more • casual scripts.

  14. Decorative/ Ornamental • It includes typefaces of unusual and unique designs that do not fit into other classification. Decorative and display typefaces are generally reserved for specific purposes. They are most effective when used at larger sizes, such as for headlines, titles & display purposes( eg:newspapers & advertisements).

  15. Typographical Properties • Styling • Formatting • Text - Align • Text - Decoration • Text - Indent • Text - Transform • Text - Shadow • Vertical - Align • White – Space • Direction • Margins • Font - Family • Font - Size • Font - Weight • Font - Style • Font - Variant • Letter - Spacing • Word - Spacing • Line - Height

  16. Typeface Anatomy • Typeface anatomy describes the graphical elements that make up printed letters in a typeface. Anatomy of type can be classified as: 1. Apex 2. Aperture 3. Arm 4. Bar 5. Bowl 6. Bracket 7. Counter 8. Ear 9. Link 10. Shoulder 11. Spine 12. Spur 13. Stem 14. Stress 15. Tail 16. Terminal

  17. Punctuation Digital Typography Typography Terminologies Typographic Units Typesetting Paragraph

  18. Paragraph • A paragraph is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. A paragraph comprises of one or more sentences. Common terms used are: • Alignment • Justification • Leading • River • Sentence spacing • Widows and orphans

  19. Punctuation • Punctuation is the use of spacing, conventional signs, & certain typographical devices as aids to the understanding and correct reading, both silently n aloud, of handwritten & printed texts. Common terms used are: • Hanging punctuation   • Hyphenation •  Quotation mark  •  Prime mark  •  Dashes

  20. Digital Typography • Digital typography or desktop publishing refers to the creation of documents using page layout skills. DTP software can generate layouts & produce typographic quality text and images comparable to traditional typography & printing. Terms used: • Character encoding • Font formats • Hinting • Rasterization • Typesetting software • List of typographic features • Web typography

  21. Typesetting • Typesetting is the composition of text by means of arranging physical types or digital equivalents. • Type design •  Type foundry •  Calligraphy • Phototypesetting • Letterpress •  Typeface •  Font • Punchcutting • Pangram

  22. Typographic Units • Typographic units are the units of measurement used in typography or typesetting. Common terms used are: • Agate • Cicero • Em • En • Figure space • Measure • Paren space • Pica • Point • Thin space

  23. Type Traits • Kerning: space between characters • Leading: space between lines of type • Tracking: space between words + characters (how a line of text is spaced out at the PARAGRAPH level)

  24. Kerning • In typography, kerning- less commonly, mortising (referring to the process of physically removing material from the cast character)- is the process of adjusting letter spacing in a proportional font. In a well-kerned font, the two-dimensional blank spaces between each pair of letters all have similar area.

  25. Leading • In typography, leading (pronounced /ˈlɛdɪŋ/, rhymes with heading) refers to the amount of added vertical spacing between lines of type. In consumer-oriented word processing software, this concept is usually referred to as "line spacing“.

  26. Tracking • Tracking is very similar to kerning in that it is the spacing • between individual characters, but tracking is the space • between groups of letters rather than individual letters.  It • affects the overall character density of the copy. It’ll • help to eliminate widows and orphans in paragraphs. 

  27. Letter Spacing • In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the • amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in • a line or block of text. Since the advent of personal computers • theterm tracking is frequently used. In professional • typography and graphic design the term letter-spacing is more • commonly used.

  28. Do’s&Don’tsofTypography

  29. Do’s • Do establish a typographic hierarchy • Do choose an appropriate font for the body text • Do give your text room to breathe • Try & limit paragraphs to 40-60 characters per line • Make sure there is enough contrast between your text and the background

  30. Don’ts • Don’t make the text too small • Don’t use too many different fonts on one page • Don’t make continuous use of all caps • Don’t use large amount of centered text • Don’t use extra leading • Don’t use negative leading(Good leading is 1.25x of the point size) • Don’t use more than 3 font families in a design. Try to use only one if possible • Don’t use Serif typefaces in headings • Don’t create lines longer than 15 words

  31. Moods & Functions of Typefaces • If you seek a feminine mood, then you might use Isadora • For something comical, consider Comic Sans • For signage, Helvetica is used worldwide because of its functionality • For a classic look, try Garamond, designed in France almost 500 years ago

  32. General Guidelines • Writing guides generally suggest that a manuscript should have no widows and orphanseven when avoiding them results in additional space at the bottom of a page or column. • Widow: Generally refers to a single line of a paragraph appearing at the “top”of a page. • Orphans: Generally refers to a single line of a paragraph appearing at the“bottom”of a page.

  33. Techniques for Eliminating Widows • Forcing a page break early, producing a shorter page • Adjusting the leading, the space between lines of text (although such carding or feathering is usually frowned upon) • Adjusting the spacing between words to produce 'tighter' or 'looser' paragraphs • Adjusting the hyphenation of words within the paragraph • Adjusting the page’s margins

  34. Subtle scaling of the page, though too much non-uniform scaling can visibly distort the letters • Rewriting a portion of the paragraph • Reduce the tracking of the words • Adding a pull quote to the text (more common for magazines) • Adding a figure to the text, or resizing an existing figure

  35. An orphan is cured more easily, by inserting a blank line or forcing a page break to push the orphan line onto the next page to be with the rest of its paragraph. Such a cure may have to be undone if editing the text repositions the automatic page/column break. • Most full-featured word processors and page layout applications include a paragraph setting (or option) to automatically prevent widows and orphans. When the option is turned on, an orphan is forced to the top of the next page or column; and the line preceding a widow is forced to the next page or column with the last line. This automatic adjustment to a page's layout can be a source of frustration for someone who is unaware of why text is shifted from one page to the next.

  36. Common Type Foundries The followings are few category of common typeface designing companies: • Corporate Type Foundries • Large Type Foundries • Independent Type Foundries

  37. Corporate Type Foundries1 • Adobe Type, a division of Adobe Systems Inc. • International Typeface Corporation (ITC) ) • Letraset • Bitstream Inc. • Linotype • Monotype Corporation

  38. 2) Large Type Foundries2 • American Type Founders (Kingsley/ATF) • Ascender Corporation • Berthold • Elsner+Flake • Emigre • Font Bureau • FontShop International • Hoefler & Frere-Jones (H&FJ) • House Industries • Paratype • T26

  39. 3) Independent Type Foundries • Aerotype • Apply Interactive • Astygmatic One-Eye • Atomic Media • Baseline Fonts • Cape Arcona Type Foundry • Characters Font Foundry • Crazy diamond design • Dalton Maag • DSType

  40. Emtype Foundry • Feliciano Type Foundry • Fontosaurus • Fountain • Galapagos Design Group • Greater Albion Typefounders • JY&A Fonts • MVB • The Type Fetish • Thirstype/ Village

  41. ADMEC Multimedia Institute For more info you can visit www.admecindia.co.in For course related enquiry, ring us at: 9811-81-81-22, 011-3130-5055, 011-3203-5055 • Compiled By: Admec Students and Staff Can send feedback at: @admecinstitute

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