1. Guiding Thinking Model 入世:Classicism Perception (如何去感知、經驗) Reception (接受某種論述之後而採取的行為) Spiritual need Physical need 出世: Christianity, Romanticsim Conception (如何去理解所經驗的客體) Spiritual need: 生成於形而上，落實於形而下(生活，物質) Physical need: 生成於形而下，結果於形而上(文化、政治、社會、宗教，精神)

2. Cycles of Style

3. Roman Art in Late Antiquity To the glory that was Greece And the grandeur that was Rome. -- Edgar Allen Poe “To Helen” • Founding of Rome: 753 B.C. • Roman Republic: 509 B.C. ~31 B.C. 1. First Triumvirate: Pompei, Caesar, Carasus: 60 B.C. 2. Second Triumvirate: Antony, Lepidus, Ocavian: 43 B.C. • Roman Empire : (Golden Age)31B.C. ~ A.D. 476 (end of Western Roman Empire) The first Roman emperor: Ocavian under the name of Augustus

4. Edgar Allen Poe, “To Helen” Helen, thy beauty is to me Like those Nicean barks of yore, That gently, o'er a perfum'd sea, The weary way-worn wanderer bore To his own native shore. On desperate seas long wont to roam, Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face, Thy Naiad airs have brought me home To the beauty of fair Greece, And the grandeur of old Rome. Lo ! in that little window-niche How statue-like I see thee stand! The folded scroll within thy hand ? A Psyche from the regions which Are Holy land ! The agate lamp within thy hand,Ah! Psyche, from the region whichAre Holy Land

5. Hellenistic Period: Alexander The Great (323BC)-Roman sacked Corinth (146 B.C.)

6. Roman Expansion in Italy

7. 264-44 B. C.

8. The Roman Empire at Its Greatest Extent

9. I. Roman Arts • 1. Etruscan Arts • 2. Republican Art and architecture • 3. Architecture of Early Empire • 4. Augustan Sculpture • 5. Late Roman Architecture and Sculpture

10. 1. Etruscan Arts Capitoline She-Wolf, c. 500-480 B.C. A bronze of a She-Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus (the mythical founders of Rome) gives an idea of the great skill with which Etruscan artists worked.

11. "The Etruscans, as everyone knows, were the people who occupied the middle of Italy in early Roman days, and whom the Romans, in their usual neighborly fashion, wiped out entirely." -D.H. Lawrence, Etruscan Places

12. Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple. [Model of a typical Etruscan temple of the sixth century BC, as described by Vitruvius.] Reconstruction drawing of the Treasury of the Siphnians. Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi. c. 525 BC.

13. Etruscan Chimira

14. Sarcophagus from Cerveteri, Etruscan sculpture, c. 520 B.C. husband and wife shown in sculpted form on their tomb terra cotta

15. Tension of pose, sinister smile Apollo of Veii, from the roof of the Portonaccio Temple, Veii, Etruscan, c 510-500 B.C.

16. Love of nature, naturalistic observation Tomb of Hunting and Fishing in Tarquinia, 6th Century B.C.

18. 2. Republican Art and Architecture (509-31 B.C.)

19. Republican Rome Forum Temple

20. Sanctuary of Fortuna Promigenia, Palestrina 聖堂

22. Cicero

23. 1st Triumbirate: Pompei, Caesar, Crassus

24. 2nd Triumvirate: Anthony, Lipidus, Octavian

25. 3. Architecture of the Early Empire Flavian Amphitheater (The Colosseum), c. 72-80 A.D., Rome.

26. Colosseum. 圓形競技場 Reconstruction model of the Colosseum.

27. Vault corridor View of the corridor of the Colosseum (Groin vaults)

28. Diagram of arch

29. Diagrams of vault barrel and groin Arch_vault groin_1 Arch_vault barrel Arch_vault groin 2

30. Forum Model of the Forum of Augustus, late 1st c. B.C.

31. Basilica Reconstruction of the interior of the Basilica Ulpia.

32. Pantheom萬神殿 Reconstruction model of the complex of the Pantheon of Hadrian, 118-25 A.D. Rome. View of the Exterior of the Pantheon.

33. dome Corinthian columns Structural diagram of the Pantheon showing arches built into the walls. Giovanni Pannini, painting of the interior of the Pantheon, c. 1750

34. Cross section of the Pantheon.

35. Water Channel排水渠道 Three rows of arches Pont du Gard (Aqueduct), late 1st c. B.C., near N?mes, France.

36. Triumphant Gate凱旋門 Arch of Titus, 81 A.D., Rome, constructed by Domitian after the death of Titus.

37. 4. Augustan Sculpture Augustus of Primaporta, 20 B.C. or c. 14 A.D.

38. Ara Pacis of Augustus, 13-9 B.C. (altar of peace 息靈龕)

39. Augustus Imperial Procession from the Ara Pacis, 13-9 B.C.

40. Details: Imperial Procession from the Ara Pacis, 13-9 B.C.

41. Aeneas sacrificing, from the Ara Pacis

42. Tellus Relief (Air, Earth, and Sea personified), from the Ara Pacis.

43. 5. Late Roman Architecture and Sculpture Marble portrait of Constantine, c. 330 A.D.

44. The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova)

46. II. Roman Philosophy and Law • Epicureanism: moderation and prudence in the pursuit of pleasure • Epicurus (341~271 B.C), founder of the Epicurean School • Lucretius (99~55 B.C.), On the Nature of Things • Stoicism: Becoming virtuous by controlling will and desire • Seneca (8 B.C.~ A.D. 65) • Epictetus (c.A.D. 50~134) • Emperor Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 121~180), Meditation.

47. III. Roman Literature (Neo-Classicism) • Horace: Odes, and Ars Poetica • Catullus, lyrics • Vergil, The Aeneid (an epic), Geogics, and Eclogues • Ovid, Metamorphoses (mythological tales) • Livy, Annals of the Roman People (history) • Juvenal, Satires

48. Aeneas’s wanderings

49. Vergil's Aeneid • Publius Vergilius Maro (70 BCE - 19 BCE) • The Aeneid by book • Arrival in Carthage • Fall of Troy • Aeneas' wanderings • Love and death of Dido • Funeral Games • Aeneas goes to Hades • Arrival in Italy, war starts with Latins • Trip to where Rome will later be; shield • Nisus and Euryalus • Death of Lausus and Pallas • Death of Camilla • Death of Turnus

50. Virgil’s The Aenead