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Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Objectives. Describe the natural geographic distribution of VHF and scenarios suggestive of bioterrorism Describe the clinical manifestations of VHF in general List exposure classification of contact for cases of VHF

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Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

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  1. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  2. Objectives • Describe the natural geographic distribution of VHF and scenarios suggestive of bioterrorism • Describe the clinical manifestations of VHF in general • List exposure classification of contact for cases of VHF • Describe infection control precautions for personnel caring for patients with VHF • List therapeutic options for patients with VHF

  3. Case Presentation • 38 yo business man returned from West Africa via London, ill for 3 days • new onset fever • chills • severe sore throat • diarrhea • back pain • PE: T103.6 BP 90/60, alert • Skin with diffuse ecchymosis and a maculopapular rash on the extremities MMWR 2004;53(38):891-897

  4. Differential Diagnosis • Fever in a traveler • Malaria • Typhoid fever • Other Differential Diagnoses • Meningococcemia • Rickettsial infection • Leptospirosis • Acute leukemia • Idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

  5. Hospital Course • Hospital Day #4 • Despite empiric antibiotics including antimalarials, pt develops acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) • Required intubation

  6. Differential Diagnosis • Fever in a traveler • Malaria • Typhoid fever • Yellow fever • Lassa fever

  7. Hospital Course • Hospital Day #4 • Despite empiric antibiotics including antimalarials, pt develops ARDS • Required intubation • Hospital Day #5 • Local and state health departments notified • Investigational new drug (IND) protocol to administer IV ribavirin • Patient died before administration of any drug

  8. Diagnosis • Clinical and post-mortem specimens sent to CDC • Lassa virus confirmed • Serum antigen detection • Immunohistochemical staining liver tissue • Virus isolation in cell culture • RT-PCR sequencing of virus

  9. www.cidrap.umn.edu/index.htmlaccessed 2/4/05

  10. Epidemiology • Incubation period • 2 days to 3 weeks for most VHF • Lassa fever: 21 days • Endemic regions • Sub-saharan Africa • Lassa fever causes 100-300,000 infections and 5,000 deaths each year • 20 imported cases reported worldwide • Human to human transmission has occured • South America

  11. Why do VHFs make good Bioweapons? • Disseminate through aerosols • Low infectious dose • High morbidity and mortality • Cause fear and panic in the public • No effective vaccine • Available and can be produced in large quantity • Research on weaponization has been conducted

  12. Clinical Presentation • Initial: • High grade fever, headache, myalgias, fatigue, abdominal pain • Advanced disease: • Bleeding • Maculopapular rash • Exudative Pharyngitis (Lassa) • Meningoencephalitis • Jaundice

  13. Transmission • Direct contact with blood/body fluids/cadavers • Aerosol spray (droplet v. airborne) • Sexual transmission • Percutaneous • Bite of infected tick or mosquito

  14. Infection Control • Lassa Fever in New Jersey Investigation: • 5 high risk contacts (wife, kids, visitor) • 183 low risk contacts • 9 other family members • 139 HCW at hospital: 42 labworkers, 32 RN, 11 MD • 16 labworkers in Virginia and California • 19 passengers on flight from London to Newark • No additional cases occurred

  15. Infection Control CDC Update: management of patients with suspected VHF-United States MMWR 1995;44:475-79

  16. VHF Personal Protective Equipment • Airborne and Contact isolation for patients with respiratory symptoms • N-95 or PAPR mask • Negative pressure isolation • Gloves • Gown • Fitted eye protection and shoe covers if going to be exposed to splash body fluids • Droplet and Contact isolation for patients without respiratory symptoms • Surgical mask • Gloves • Gown • Fitted eye protection and shoe covers if going to be exposed to splash body fluids • Environmental surfaces • Cleaned with hospital approved disinfectant • Linen incinerated, autoclaved, double-bagged for wash

  17. Treatment • Supportive care: • Fluid and electrolyte management • Hemodynamic monitoring • Ventilation and/or dialysis support • Steroids for adrenal crisis • Anticoagulants, IM injections, ASA, NSAIDS are contraindicated • Treat secondary bacterial infections

  18. Treatment • Manage severe bleeding complications • Cryoprecipitate (concentrated clotting factors) • Platelets • Fresh Frozen Plasma • Heparin for DIC • Ribavirin in vitro activity vs. • Lassa fever • New World Hemorrhagic fevers • Rift Valley Fever • No evidence to support use in Filovirus or Flavivirus infections

  19. Vaccination • Argentine and Bolivian HF • PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION • Treat with convalescent serum containing neutralizing antibody or immune globulin • Yellow Fever • ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION • Travelers to Africa and South America P. Jahrling, Chapter 29, Medical Aspects of Clinical and Biological Warfare; p591-602

  20. This completes the current presentation.

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