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The Protists

The Protists. 5.5. Classification. Original Classification “Any simple eukaryotic cell that lacked multicellular structure or cell specialization” Aka the nobodies Kingdom Protista Subgroups Algae - protists that photosynthesize Protozoan - protists that do not photosynthesize.

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The Protists

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  1. TheProtists 5.5

  2. Classification • Original Classification • “Any simple eukaryotic cell that lacked multicellular structure or cell specialization” • Aka the nobodies • Kingdom Protista • Subgroups • Algae- protists that photosynthesize • Protozoan- protists that do not photosynthesize

  3. NewerClassification • Protists do not have one common ancestor • Many new classification strategies based on DNA • Otherwise a giant polyphyletic group • Many unrelated organisms simply “dumped together”

  4. Whoisaprotist? • Scientists still use the word “protist” for • A non-fungi, non-animal, non-plant eukaryote • The Nobodies!

  5. Whatarealgae? • “Algae” specifically are • Eukaryotic organisms, both unicellular and colonial, that carry out photosynthesis with chlorophyll a • “PLANT-LIKE”

  6. Protozoa • “Protozoa” specifically are: • Unicellular eukaryotic organisms that lack tissue and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life-cycles, and biochemistry • “ANIMAL-LIKE”

  7. Algae • Algae: Photosynthetic Protists • EX: Seaweed, kelp • Size range: µm to 100m long! • Can be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous • Can have tissues and simple organs • ALL HAVE CHLOROPLASTS!

  8. Algae • More algae examples • Plankton • Important in aquatic food web • Major microscopic oxygen producers

  9. Disease • Algae are rarely pathogenic • Exception: Prototheca—no photosynthetic algae that causes subcutaneous infections

  10. Classification • Classification of Algae • Euglenophyta (euglenids) • Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates) • Crysophyta (diatoms or golden brown algae) • Phaeophyta (brown algae—kelps) • Rhodophyta (red seaweed) • Chlorophyta (green algae, grouped with plants)

  11. Euglenophyta • Chlorophylls a & b • Freshwater • No cell wall, but pellicle • Heterotrophic • Unicellular • Flagellated

  12. Pyrrophyta • Chlorophyll and Carotenoids • Marine • Cellulose CW • Mostly PS • Unicellular • Two flagella (dinoflagellates)

  13. Pyrrophyta • Algal medical threats • Food poisoning from dinoflagellate toxins • “Red tide” • Animals feed on algae—bioaccumulation occurs • As we go up food chain, toxin becomes more concentrated • Paralytic Shellfish poisoning—can be fatal • Cooking does not prevent it • There is no treatment!

  14. Crysophyta • Chlorophyll , B-carotene, and fucoxanthin • Freshwater & marine • Silicon dioxide CW • Photosynthetic • Unicellular or colonial • No flagella

  15. Crysophyta • More algae examples • Diatoms (Ms. Lichtenwalner’s FAV♥RITE!) • Cell walls made of silica (glass-like) • Gold pigments in chloroplasts

  16. Phaeophyta • Chlorophyll, carotenoids, fucoxanthin • Marine • Cellulose and alginic acid CW • Photosynthetic • Multicellular • No flagella

  17. Rhodophtya • Chlorophyll, phycobilin • Mostly marine • Cellulose CW • Photosynthetic • Multicellular • No flagella

  18. Chlorophyta • Chlorophyll • Freshwater • Cellulose CW • Photosynthetic • Multi, Uni, Colonial • Can have flagella • *LINK TO PLANTS OF TODAY*

  19. Protozoa • Protozoa: “First Animals” • Mostly harmless, some parasitic • Contain major organelles (NO chloroplast) • Nucleus • RER • Golgi Apparatus • SER • Lysosome • Cytoplasm • …

  20. MAKE THESE LAB NOTES!

  21. Protozoa • Protozoa also have highly specialized organelles for… • Feeding • Reproduction • Locomotion • No cell wall, very flexible • 3-300 µm

  22. Protozoa • Locomotion • Most move by pseudopods (“false foot”), cilia, or flagella • Pseudopods are used for both movement and nutrition • Flagella-1 to several present, attached by CM extension • Cilia- evenly distributed over membrane

  23. Protozoa • General Life Cycles and Reproduction • Motile feeding stage called a trophozoite • Many can form a dormant cyst • Normally simple, asexual reproduction (mitosis) • Ciliates have conjugation (sexual)

  24. Protozoa • PUT IN SCANNED 5.27 FROM HOME

  25. Protozoan Classification • Classified into 4 phyla • Mastigophora (aka zoomastigophora) • Sarcodina (aka amoebas) • Ciliophora (aka ciliates) • Apicomplexa (aka sporozoa)

  26. Mastigophora • Flagella • 1 nucleus • Sexual Reproduction • Parasitic and Free-living • Mostly solitary • Examples: Trypanosoma, Leismania, Giardia, Trichomonas

  27. PERANEMA EURODINA CHILOMONAS EUGLENA VOLVOX

  28. Sarcodina • Pseudopods (Amoeba shape) • Asexual reproduction • 1 nucleus • Mostly free-living • Unicellular • Examples: Foramifera, Radiolaria, Entamoeba, Amoeba proteus

  29. Difflugia Amoeba proteus Actinosphaerium Arcella Entamoeba

  30. Ciliophora • Cilia for movement • Sexual Reproduction (conjugation) • Two nuclei—macro and micro • Definite mouth and feeding organelle • Free-living • Examples: Vorticella, Stentor, Epistylis, Paramecium

  31. EPISTYLIS VORTICELLA PARAMECIUM

  32. Apicomplexa • Motility is pretty much absent • Asexual and sexual reproduction • Sporozoites important in disease • All parasites • Examples: Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium

  33. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM TOXOPLASMA GIARDIA

  34. Protozoan Diseases • Trypanosomes: African Sleeping Sickness and Chagas disease • Entamoeba: Amebic dysentery

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