1. Protists

2. Protozoa • Move independently • Heterotrophic – obtain nutrients by ingesting small molecules or cells. • Foodvacuoles – where food is broken down in. • Zooplankton – organisms that are the primary source in aquatic ecosystems.

3. Reproduction • Binaryfission – division into two identical individuals. • Multiplefission – division into more than two identical individuals. • Conjugation – sexual reproduction, protozoa pair and exchange genetic material.

4. Classification • Four Phyla: • Sarcodina – pseudopodia • Amoeba, radiolaria, naegleria • Ciliophora – cilia • Paramecium, tetrahymena, blantidium • Zoomastigina – flagella • Giardia, trypanosoma, leishmania, trichonympha • Sporozoa – no locomotion, some parasitic • Plasmodium, toxoplasma

5. Tetrahymena

6. Plasmodium

7. Trichonympha

8. Naegleria

9. Giardia

10. Adaptations • Eyespot – detect changes in the quantity and quality of light. • Some protozoan sense physical and chemical changes or obstacles in their environment. • Cyst – dormant form, hardened external covering, metabolic activity stop. Allow them to survive harsh conditions. • Conditions are favorable protists emerge from cyst.

11. Evolution • First prokaryotes evolved 3.5 billion years ago. • 1.5 billion years ago first eukaryotic organisms evolved. • Protozoa descended from these early eukaryotes. • Endosymbiosis

12. Fungi • Objectives: • Describe the origin and evolution of fungi • Compare fungi with other eukaryotic organisms. • Describe how fungi obtain nutrients. • Distinguish between a hypha and a mycelium.

13. Characteristics • Most fungi are: • Molds – tangled masses of filaments of cells. • Yeasts – unicellular organisms, circular. • Hyphae – filaments of fungi. • Chitin – cell walls of hyphae. (unique to fungi)

14. Armillaria • Lives underground • Occupies a space of 861,000 ft2

15. Ingestion • Fungi secret enzymes to break down food then absorb the digested nutrients through their cell wall. • Most fungi are saprophytic – live on organic compounds that they absorb from dead organisms in the environment.

16. Structure of Fungi • Mycelium – mat of hyphae visible to the unaided eye. • In some fungi hyphae is divided by cross section called septa. • Coenocytic – hyphae of species that do not have septa.

17. Three Phyla of Fungi • Zygomycota – coenocytichyphae, spores. • Penicillium, mucor, rhizopus • Basidiomycota – septatehyphae, reproduce sexually. • Puccinia, ustilago (mushrooms) • Ascomycota – septate or unicellular hyphae, budding, spores • Yeast, morel

18. Molds -fuzzy growth, spore-producing. -the hyphae of molds grow into the food, digesting it as they grow. Ex.) athlete’s foot, used in making cheese, bread mold, dutch elm disease, penicillin (antibiotic fights bacteria), 18

19. Mushrooms Cap – where the spores are contained. Stalk – where the cap grows from. 17

20. Yeasts, Truffles • Single-celled fungi. • Grows on: sap of plants, animal tissues, shower curtains, human skin. • Used in food: bread, beer - Reproduces by budding. 19

21. Fungi as a Food • Truffles • Very expensive.

22. Fungus in man’s face

23. Homework: worksheet • Bonus: bring in pond water, carageenan label