1. PROTISTS Chapter 19 - 1

2. 3 groups of Protists: • Animal-like Protists • Plant-like Protists • Fungus-like Protists

3. PROTISTS • All are eukaryotes – have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

4. Endosymbiotic Theory-How Eukaryotes came to be- • Scientists think protists were the first eukaryotes to evolve. • Endosymbiosis refers to one species living within another (the host) • Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger prokaryotic host cells • Formed cell organelles chloroplast mitochondria

5. Animal-Like Protists“Protozoans” 19 - 2

6. PROTOZOANS • Unicellular – made up of one cell. • Heterotrophs – they eat other organisms or dead organic matter. • Classified by how they move

7. 4 PHYLA OF PROTOZOANS • Ciliophora • (Ciliates) • Sarcodina • (Amoeba) • Apicomplexa • (Sporozoa) • Zoomastigina • (Flagellates)

8. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA Ciliates – Use Cilia for movement. found in fresh and salt water Draw and label p.548

9. Phylum Cilophora paramecium

10. Phylum Cilophora

11. Phylum Ciliophora TWO KINDS OF NUCLEI: • Macronucleus – controls daily functions such as feeding, eliminating waste, and maintaining water balance • Micronucleus – used for reproduction

12. Phylum Ciliophora • Reproduce Asexually, but maintain genetic variation through Conjugation: exchange genetic info

13. PHYLUM SARCODINA Food vacuole • Pseudopods- (“fake feet”) used for feeding and locomotion. • Saltwater and freshwater • Asexual reproduction • Draw the example - amoeba pseudopods nucleus

14. Sarcodina 3D

15. Sarcodina • Foraminifera - have a protective shell or TEST, usually made of calcium carbonate • layers of tests can deposit on the ocean floor • these can form limestone and chalk, like the White Cliffs of Dover • Some species of forams are good indicators of oil deposits below

16. Cliffs of Dover

17. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA • Sporozoans- Form spores at some point in their life cycle. • Lack locomotion • Sexual and Asexual reproduction • Intestinal parasites Plasmodium (Malaria) It’s Vector: Anopheles Mosquito

18. Phylum Apicomplexa Malaria in red blood cells

19. PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA Flagellates- move using flagella Free living by absorbing dead or decaying organic matter OR some are parasites EX:Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps termite digest wood) Trichomonas vaginalis: an STD

20. Zoomastigina Tsetse Fly: carries Trypanosoma to humans; in other words, it’s a Vector for African Sleeping Sickness American Sleeping Sickness (Chagas disease) – carried by reduviid bug

21. Phylum Zoomastigina

22. Plant-Like Protists“Algae” 19 - 3

23. PROTISTS • PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS • Most perform photosynthesis • Contain chlorophyll (green pigment) and possibly secondary pigments • Classified by their pigment color

24. ALGAE • Phyla of Algae • Diatoms - Bacillariophyta • Dinoflagellates - Pyrrophyta • Euglenoids - Euglenophyta • Yellow/Green algae - Chrysophyta • Brown algae - Phaeophyta • Green algae - Chlorophyta • Red algae - Rhodophyta

25. DIATOMS Phyla of Algae Diatoms- “The Golden Boxes” Made of chlorophyll (green) & carotenoids (golden-yellow) Reproduction- sexual and asexual. Cell wall- made of hard silica (glass)

26. Diatoms • Made of 2 halves: The smaller half fits inside the bigger half, like a box and lid. • Store their food as oil, so they float at the top of the water where they can get sunlight for photosynthesis.

27. Dinoflagellate

28. DINOFLAGELLATES • Phyla of Algae • Dinoflagellates- “The spinning ones” • 2 flagella at right angles to eachother, causes it to spin as it moves. • Mostly found in saltwater. • Can be bioluminescent: Glow

29. Dinoflagellates • ALGAL BLOOMS: • In good conditions, will reproduce in GREAT numbers. • Clog fish gills • Die, decompose, and deplete the oxygen supply, suffocating marine life.

30. Dinoflagellates • The RED TIDE • Dinoflagellates with red secondary pigments. • Produce a lethal nerve toxin • DON’T EAT THE SHELLFISH… you will die. • Shellfish filter water, eating the dinoflagellates.

31. PROTISTS RED TIDE

32. EUGLENOIDS • Phyla of Algae • Euglenoids- “The survivors” have both plant and animal characteristics. • Use photosynthesis or absorb nutrients from the environment like a heterotroph.

33. Euglenoids • Have an “eye spot” that is sensitive to light.

34. CHRYSOPHYTES • Phyla of Algae • Chrysophytes- “The Colonists” • Yellow-Brown secondary pigments (carotenoids) • Form colonies- a group of cells that live in close association.

35. Brown Algae • Phyla of Algae • Brown algae- “The Brown Ones” • Fucoxanthin pigments • Multicellular • Largest algae Ex: Giant Kelp can grow up to 30-60 cm a day.

36. Brown Algae • Used to make a variety of products • As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream • Used as food for animals (processed)

37. Brown Algae

38. GREEN ALGAE • Phyla of Algae • Green algae- “The Green Ones” • Mostly freshwater • Very similar to plant cell walls • Chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll pigments

39. Green Algae • Scientists think the first plants may have evolved from green algae.

40. RED ALGAE • Phyla of Algae • Red algae- “The Red Ones” • Warm saltwater habitats • Perform photosynthesis • Even at depths of 100 meters! • Red & blue secondary pigments (phycobilins).

41. Red Algae Seaweed

42. Red Algae Example: Red moss

43. Fungus-Like Protists 19 - 4

44. FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (MOLDS and MILDEWS) Most are small and live in damp/dark places. Protists that act as decomposers are called molds. Classified by body form.

45. Fungus-like protists • 3 types: • Acellular slime molds • Cellular slime molds • Water molds and Downy mildews

46. SLIME MOLDS Use spores to reproduce. Feed on decaying matter. Absorb nutrients through cell wall.

47. SLIME MOLDS • ACELLULAR SLIME MOLDS • Phylum Myxomycota • “Not Cellular” • Can grow as much as 50 grams and 30cm and be as large as a human hand (one cell!) • Single cell with many nuclei

48. Myxomycota - plasmodium

49. Myxomycota http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/ftp/BIODIDAC/Protista/Myxomyco/diagbw/Myxo005b.gif

50. Myxomycota Life Cycle