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Basic Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups ( Chapter 16 )

Basic Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups ( Chapter 16 ). Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen Alkanes contain only single bonds Alkenes contain at least one double bond Alkynes contain at least one triple bond.

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Basic Organic Nomenclature and Functional Groups ( Chapter 16 )

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  1. Basic Organic Nomenclatureand Functional Groups (Chapter 16)

  2. Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen

  3. Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen • Alkanes contain only single bonds • Alkenes contain at least one double bond • Alkynes contain at least one triple bond

  4. Hydrocarbons: contain carbon and hydrogen • Alkanes contain only single bonds • Alkenes contain at least one double bond • Alkynes contain at least one triple bond • General Formulas: • Alkanes = CnH2n+2 • Alkenes = CnH2n • Alkynes = CnH2n-2

  5. Hydrocarbons Nomenclature:

  6. Hydrocarbons Nomenclature: • Two part names: • Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain • Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne

  7. Hydrocarbons Nomenclature: • Two part names: • Prefix based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain • Suffix based on alkane, alkene, or alkyne • Memorize these prefixes, in order: 1 – Meth 2 – Eth 3 – Prop 4 – But 5 – Pent 6 – Hex 7 – Hept 8 – Oct 9 – Non 10 – Dec

  8. Meth + ane, ene, yne Methane: Methene: does not exist Methyne: does not exist

  9. Eth + ane, ene, yne Ethane: Ethene: Ethyne:

  10. Prop + ane, ene, yne Propane: Propene: Propyne:

  11. But + ane, ene, yne Butane: Butene: Butyne:

  12. Pent + ane, ene, yne Pentane: Pentene: Pentyne:

  13. Hex + ane, ene, yne Hexane: Hexene: Hexyne:

  14. Hept + ane, ene, yne Heptane: Heptene: Heptyne:

  15. Oct + ane, ene, yne Octane: Octene: Octyne:

  16. Non + ane, ene, yne Nonane: Nonene: Nonyne:

  17. Dec + ane, ene, yne Decane: Decene: Decyne:

  18. Functional Groups: • Common groups of elements added to hydrocarbons that change their chemistry • Can be added on the end or interior • Names are changed to reflect the functional group(s)

  19. Cyclo-hydrocarbons • Carbons are in a ring • lowers expected C:H ratio by 2 hydrogens • Cyclohexane: Cyclohexene: • 1, 3, 5 cyclohexene : • Or benzene or phenyl

  20. Alcohols: have a hydroxide functional group • Usually on the end, but doesn’t have to be • Name ends in “ol” • Ethanol:

  21. Amines: contain nitrogen inside or on the end of the carbon chain • N can form up to 3 bonds, so either there is 1 chain and 2 H, 2 chains and 1 H, or 3 chains • The suffix “amine” is added • If there chains, the nitrogen is counted as being attached to the longest chain, and an italic N is used to show the shorter chains are attached to the nitrogen • If the N is inside a single chain, an infixed number is used

  22. Methanamine: Butan-2-amine: N-methylethanamine:

  23. Carboxylic acids: an end carbon is double bonded to O and to hydroxide • The carbonyl carbon counts as part of the chain • The suffix “ioc acid” is added • Can have one on each end of a chain, but naming that is beyond the scope of AP (especially if there are several branches) • Ethanioc Acid: • (Acetic Acid)

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