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Blood Groups

Blood Groups. Prepared by Mr.Yeung BIO30S. Blood types were discovered…. Discovered by Karl Landsteiner Won Nobel Prize 1930 Why is finding out your blood type important? But now … How did he discover them?. What he did…. He had a bunch of different vials of blood. 1. 2. 3. 4.

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Blood Groups

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  1. Blood Groups Prepared by Mr.Yeung BIO30S http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  2. Blood types were discovered… • Discovered by Karl Landsteiner • Won Nobel Prize 1930 • Why is finding out your blood type important? • But now … • How did he discover them? http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  3. What he did… • He had a bunch of different vials of blood 1 2 3 4 And then he just mixed them together http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  4. Like so… 1 2 2 4 What about? It CLUMPED too! It CLUMPED! http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  5. So… what do you think..? 1 4 1 3 What about…? No Clumping eh? What the?? CLUMPING? http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  6. So what do we have? • We have some that clump. • And some that don’t clump. 1 2 3 4 http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  7. What he found was… • Clumping was due to an immune response caused by antibodies • There were antibodies that were specific to some certain type of blood, which caused the clumping • He then found out the antigens (A & B) on the surface of the red blood cells stimulated the antibody response • He classified the 4 blood types A, B, AB, O http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  8. A B AB So what he found was O No antigens for antibodies to bind Antigens Either one can bind Antibody http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  9. So what he found was Antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Antibodies that were specific to the antigens The combination of both causes CLUMPING! Or agglutination http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  10. Blood types • What does it mean to have different blood types? • Defined by the type of antigens (foreign stuff or anything that triggers WBC to take action) attached • If I have type A blood, I have “A” antigen • If I have type B blood, I have “B” antigen • If I have type AB blood, I have both“A + B” antigen • If I have type O blood, I have No antigen http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  11. Blood types • Other than the antigens (bad guys that cause an immune response (antibodies to take action) • You also have antibodies (good guys – seeks out the antigens) • The antibody acts as “special police” in our blood stream and binds on to anything that they are specific to. • So an antibody B will stop and bind to B antigens and antibody A will stop and bind to A antigens http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  12. A B AB So what he found was O No antigens for antibodies to bind Antigens Either one can bind Antibody http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  13. Blood types • In blood, if they bind together … • If antibody A binds with antigen A (type A blood) it will… agglutinate or clump together. • If antibody B binds with antigen B (type B blood) it will… • Agglutinate or clump together • If antibody B binds with antigen B in AB blood it will… • Agglutinate or clump together http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  14. A B AB So what he found was O No antigens for antibodies to bind Antigens Clumping! Clumping! Clumping! No Clumping cause There is no binding Either one can bind Antibody http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  15. Blood types • In real life… • If clumping occurs in our blood stream it will cause serious complications. • That’s why… • When you receive blood, they always make sure that your blood is compatible http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  16. Blood types • There are 4 blood types • A, B, AB, O • Type A has “A” antigen, and B antibodies • Type B has “B” antigen, and A antibodies • Type AB has “A” and “B” antigen, and NO antibodies • Type O has NO antigen and “A” and “B” antibodies http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  17. How do you find out your blood type? • Since there are only two antibodies that stimulate a response in our blood, we use type A and type B antibody to test our 4 combinations • Place a drop of blood on to antibody A and see if there is a reaction. • Place a drop of blood on to antibody B and see if there is a reaction. • If there is a reaction in antibody A, and not in B then you know it is blood type A because there is only A antigen on the red blood cell. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  18. My blood Antibody A Clumping Antibody B Blood Typing Antibody A Antibody B My bloodType A http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  19. My blood Antibody B Clumping Blood Typing • What type is this? My blood Antibody A Antibody B Antibody A Type B http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  20. My blood My blood Clumping Clumping Antibody A Antibody B Antibody A Antibody B Blood Typing • What about… Type AB http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  21. My blood My blood Antibody A Antibody B Antibody A Antibody B Blood Transfusion • What about… No Clumping No Clumping What blood type is this? Type O – O doesn’t have any antigens http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  22. Reaction of Blood when mixed with A and B Antibodies http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  23. Questions • 1. What causes clumping to occur in blood transfusion? • 2. What are the 4 blood types? • 3. What antibody(ies) is found on blood type O? • 4. What is your blood type if there is clumping in the anti-A, and anti-B serum? • 5. What is your blood type if there is no clumping in both your anti-A and anti-B serum? • 6. How can you cause someone’s blood to clump if you knew his blood type. • 7. There is clumping in anti-A but not anti-B serum, what blood type do you have? • 8. What antibodies are found on type AB blood? http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  24. Blood transfusion • Now we know our blood have antigens and antibodies in it how can we make transfusing blood safer? • We know blood type A can be transfused with blood type A, but what about the others? • Let’s think… http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  25. A A A A A A Blood Stream with Type A blood Your blood stream… If your blood type is A, you will have anti-B antibody. Anti-B antibody So what can be donated to this blood stream? Type A? Type B? Type AB? Type O? http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  26. A A A A A A B B Blood Stream with Type A Blood Transfuse with Type B? What is in Type B blood? B antigen What is in Type A blood? Anti B antibody Anti-B antibody CLUMP! http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  27. A A A A AB AB AB AB Blood transfusion Transfuse with Type AB? What is in Type AB blood? A & B antigen B antibody CLUMP! http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  28. A A A A A A Blood transfusion Type O? O What is in Type O blood? No antigen B antibody NO CLUMPING! O http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  29. Therefore… • You can only donate type A and type O blood to type A blood. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  30. What about if your blood is… • Type B? http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  31. B B B B B B Blood Type B transfusion Your blood stream… If your blood type is B, you will have anti-A antibody. Anti-A antibody So what can be donated to this blood stream? Type A? Type B? Type AB? Type O? http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  32. A A B B B B B B Blood type B transfusion Type A? What is in Type A blood? A antigen Anti-A antibody in Type B blood CLUMP! http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  33. B B B B B B AB AB Blood type B transfusion Type AB? What is in Type AB blood? A & B antigen CLUMP! http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  34. B B B B B B Blood type B transfusion Type O? O What is in Type O blood? No antigen Anti A Antibody in type B blood NO CLUMPING! O http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  35. Therefore • You can only donate type B blood and type O blood to type B blood. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  36. A B AB AB What about type AB? • Who can donate to type AB? • What does type AB blood contain? • A & B antigen, and no antibodies Any blood can donate to type AB Or known as Universal Recipient Because there are no antibodies to clump http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  37. What about type O? • Who can donate to type O? • What does type O blood contain? • No antigens but both A & B antibodies O O Only type O can receive type O blood because type O has Both antibodies. It will cause clumping if any A or B or both A & B blood comes in contact with type O. O O http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  38. But who can type O donate to…? Hmph…nothing to bind to • Since type O doesn’t have any antigens…type O can donate to any blood type because other blood types do not have the antibodies AGAINST type O O http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  39. Summary • O = universal donor – can donate to all types of blood because other types of blood do not have antibodies against O to cause clumping. • AB = universal recipient – can receive any type of blood because there are no antibodies against the incoming blood. • A = Specific – get blood from O or A • B = Specific – get blood from …O or B http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  40. Rh Factor • Another antigen found on the surface of red blood cells. • Found 85% of the population in Canada • Denoted as + (Rh Positive) for having the Rh antigen • Denoted as – (Rh negative) for NOT having the Rh antigen • Rh factor is an additional antigen and it makes our blood type to have either + or – • Ex. A+ AB- O- O+ etc… http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  41. Rh factor • In addition to the A, B, AB, and O blood types. • Blood transfusion with Rh factor must be taken into consideration • Rh- blood can donate to Rh+ blood • Rh+ blood can receive blood from any Rh+/- blood • If Rh+ is transfused with Rh-, then an antibody will be formed against Rh+. • Rh+ can received any Rh blood because it doesn’t have the antibodies against anything. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

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  43. Rh Factor problem • Problem comes during pregnancies • Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+ (got it from the father) • Blood from child (Rh+) could cross the placenta and transfuse into mother • The foreign blood of the child with Rh+ antigen will cause the mother to make antibodies against the antigen. • Doesn’t affect the current baby, because the mother does not have the antibodies yet. • But in later pregnancies, the new developed antibodies could cross the blood lining and get into the baby’s blood stream. • Causing swelling and anemia by attacking the baby’s red blood cells http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

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  46. Treatment to Rh problem • Inject mother with Rh immunoglobulin (antibody) at 28 weeks gestation and within 72 hours of delivery. • Prevents antibodies from being formed in the mother. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  47. Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+ http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  48. During delivery, the baby’s blood enters the mother’s blood stream Causing antibodies against the Rh factor to form http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  49. In later pregancies, the antibody developed from the previous pregnancy Could enter the baby’s blood stream causing anemia and swelling. http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

  50. Questions • 1. Your blood typing test shows clumping in your anti-A serum but not anti-B, what blood type do you have? • 2. Your blood typing test shows clumping in both your anti-A and anti-B serum, what blood type do you have? • 3. Your blood typing test did not show any clumping in both anti-A and anti-B serum, what blood type do you have? • 4. You want to donate blood to your brother who has type B blood, what blood type do you have to be to donate blood to him? • 5. You want to donate blood to your sister who has type AB blood, what blood type do you have to be? • 6. What are antigens and antibodies in blood clumping sense? • 7. You have type O blood, who can you donate your blood to? • 8. What kind of antibodies do you have in type AB blood, type O blood and type A blood? • 9. What kind of antigens are found on the surface of type A, B, AB, and O red blood cells? • 10. You did a blood transfusion on a patient, and his blood clumped. You found out he has type B blood, what could have been the blood types that caused this clumping? http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

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