Psychoanalytic Theory

1. Psychoanalytic Theory Psychodynamic Theory Collective Unconscious Epigenetic Theory

2. Psychodynamic Theory Psychodynamic Perspective: • Creator: Sigmund Freud • Defined:Much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. • Major Principles: • Unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. • The unconscious is part of everyone’s personality. • We are unaware of it though it strongly influences our behavior.

3. Psychodynamic Theory Foundations of the Theory: • Psychological Determinism: Behaviors do not happen by chance • There are no accidents • Everything happens for a reason • Everything is determined by preceding events • Psychodynamic theorists take the stance of “ultra determinism”. • There is almost never “the cause” there is usually multiple causes. • Once we find a less threatening and simple explanation we stop, this is the wrong way. • Consciousness is Atypical: Most of behavior and experience is occurring below the conscious level.

4. Psychodynamic Theory ID: Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality: • Pleasure Principle: Continue producing behavior that gives positive stimulus and stop behavior that produces a negative stimulus and/or avoid negative stimuli • Primitive desires of hunger, sex, and aggression. • Satisfaction is ultimate goal

5. Psychodynamic Theory Ego: Rational and reasonable • Reality Principle: Instinctual energy (ID) is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and keep him/her within societies norms Superego: Sense of right and wrong • Conscience • Develops at age 5 or 6 • Learned from others

6. Psychodynamic Theory According to Freud development consists of stages: • Pleasure and gratification are focused on particular biological functions. • If children are unable to gratify themselves sufficiently during a particular stage or receive too much of it, fixation will occur.

7. Psychodynamic Theory:Stages of Development

8. Psychodynamic Theory:Defense Mechanisms People may feel anxious or threatened when the wishes of the id conflict with social rules. • Ego has weapons at its command to relieve the tension. • Defense Mechanism: Used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.

9. Psychodynamic Theory:Defense Mechanisms Repression: When the threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from consciousness. • Something bad happens in childhood and you can’t remember it anymore. Projection: A Person’s own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else. • Being obsessed with something may make you project your guilt onto it. Displacement: When people direct their emotions toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings. • You can’t express your anger toward a caregiver thus you take it out on other kids.

10. Psychodynamic Theory:Defense Mechanisms Reaction Formation: When a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consciousness. • Someone that is scared to death of their spouse may intern believe that they are madly in love with them. Denial: When people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening. • Protects a person’s self-image • Preserves the illusion of invulnerability • “It can’t happen to me”

11. Collective Unconscious Creator: Carl Jung Modified Freud’s Original Theory: • In addition to the individual’s own unconscious we have: • Collective Unconscious-Contains universal memories, symbols, images, and themes • Developed Archtypes: • Representation of our collective unconscious • Can be a picture; such as a magic circle (Called a Mandala in Eastern religions) • Symbolizes the unity of life and the “Totality of the self.”

12. Epigenetic Theory Creator: Erik Erikson AKA: Psychosocial Theory Considered: Neo-Freudian Focus of Theory: Ego development. Main Topic: Identity

13. Epigenetic Theory Main Tenants: • Emphasized our social interaction with other people. • Society and culture both shape and challenge people. • His stage covered the entire life-span (8 stages). • Each stage represents a crisis that must be resolved. Epigenetic: Non-genetic causes of a phenotype. • Change of a phenotype without change in a genotype.

14. Epigenetic Theory • Eight stages of development: • Unique development task confronts individuals with crisis that must be resolved • Each stage has both positive and negative poles • Positive resolution builds foundation for healthy development

16. Epigenetic Theory Stage 1 - Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 ½ ) • Developing trust is the first task of the ego. • It is never complete. • The child will let mother out of sight without anxiety and rage when: • She has become an inner certainty. • Outer predictability. • Quality of maternal relationship is everything.

17. Epigenetic Theory Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-2) • If denied autonomy (ability to make independent choices): • Child will resist urges to manipulate and discriminate. • Shame develops. • Left over doubt may become paranoia. • The sense of autonomy serves the preservation in economic and political life of a sense of justice.

18. Epigenetic Theory Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (2-6) • Initiative adds to autonomy the quality of: (tasks for the sake of being active and on the move) • Undertaking • Planning • Attacking • The child feels guilt over the goals contemplated and the acts initiated in exuberant enjoyment of new loco motor and mental powers. • The castration complex: • Due to the child's erotic fantasies. • They will get in trouble for feeling that way.

19. Epigenetic Theory Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt (2-6) • A residual conflict over initiative may be expressed as: • Hysterical denial. • May cause the repression of the wish or destruction of the ego. • Results in paralysis and inhibition, or overcompensation and showing off. • The Oedipal stage: • Results in oppressive establishment of a moral sense • Sets the direction towards the possible and the tangible which permits dreams of early childhood to be attached to goals of an active adult life.

20. Epigenetic Theory Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority (7-12) • Bringing a productive situation to completion. • Gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of play. • The fundamentals of technology are developed. • To lose the hope of such "industrious" association may pull the child back and cause them to become: • More isolated • Less conscious • The child can become a conformist and thoughtless slave whom others exploit.

21. Epigenetic Theory Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-21) AKA: Diffusion • The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others. • Ego identity: • Accrued confidence that the inner sameness and continuity prepared in the past are matched by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for others. • Evidenced in the promise of a career. • The inability to settle on a school or occupational identity is disturbing.

22. Epigenetic Theory Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-35) • Body and ego must be masters of organ modes. • This is in order to face the fear of ego loss. • In situations which call for self-abandon. • The avoidance of these experiences leads to isolation and self-absorption. • The counterpart of intimacy is distantiation: • Readiness to isolate and destroy forces and people whose essence seems dangerous to one's own. • Now true genitality can fully develop. • Danger: • Isolation which can lead to severe character problems.

23. Epigenetic Theory Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation (35-60) • Generativityis the concern in establishing and guiding the next generation. • Simply having or wanting children doesn't achieve generativity. • Socially-valued work and disciples are also expressions of generativity.

24. Epigenetic Theory Stage 8 - Ego Integrity vs. Despair (60+) • Ego integrity is the ego's accumulated assurance of its capacity for order and meaning. • Despair is signified by a fear of one's own death, as well as the loss of self-sufficiency, and of loved partners and friends. • Healthy children won't fear life if their elders have integrity enough not to fear death.