1 / 49

Part Two

Part Two. Ethical Theory. introduction. Moral Theory Assessment of Ethical Theories Moral Theories and Real People Use. Assumptions. Introduction Prescriptivity Universalizability Overridingness Public Practicality. Virtue theory . Introduction Defined Proponents Appeal.

juancarlos
Télécharger la présentation

Part Two

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Part Two Ethical Theory

  2. introduction • Moral Theory • Assessment of Ethical Theories • Moral Theories and Real People • Use

  3. Assumptions • Introduction • Prescriptivity • Universalizability • Overridingness • Public • Practicality

  4. Virtue theory • Introduction • Defined • Proponents • Appeal

  5. Confucius • Background • Life • Rituals and Values • The Analects • Impact

  6. Analects of Confucius • The Virtues • Respect for Authority • Master Tseng’s Three Points of Examination • A Young Man’s Duty • Four Virtues • How to Act • Nine Cares of the Gentleman • Goodness • Good & Goodness • Wealth & Goodness • Goodness & Happiness • Moral Force

  7. Confucius’ Doctrine of the mean • Equilibrium & Harmony • Equilibrium • Perfection • The Mean • Virtue • Why the path of the mean is not walked • Why the path of the mean is not understood • Shun’s Wisdom • Hui • Virtues • Virtues • The Path

  8. Doctrine of the mean • Duties & Virtues • Five Duties of Universal Obligation • The Virtues by Which the Five Duties are Practiced • Acquiring Knowledge of Duties • Sincerity • What is Sincerity? • Attaining Sincerity • Intelligence & Sincerity • One who possesses sincerity • Sincerity & Completion

  9. Doctrine of the mean • The Superior Man • The Superior Man & The Mean • The Superior Man • Archer Analogy • Energy of the Southern Regions • Energy of the Northern Regions • The Superior Man

  10. Aristotle • History • Athens & Macedonia • Aristotle • Ethics • Nicomachean Ethics • Nature of Ethics • Intellectual Virtue & Moral Virtue • Intellectual Virtue

  11. Aristotle’s metaphysics • Causes & Teleology • Four Types of Causes • Teleology

  12. Aristotle’s virtue theory • The Supreme Good • End • Regress-Reductio Argument • Knowledge of the Good • Happiness & Lives • Happiness • The Three Main Types of Life • Life of Pleasure • Life of Pleasure • Pleasure is not Happiness

  13. Aristotle’s virtue theory • Life of Honor • The Life of Honor • Honor is not the Good • Goodness/Justice rather than honor? • What is the Good for Man? • Wealth & The Good • Inadequate • What is the good for man?

  14. Aristotle’s Virtue theory • The Good • Second Argument for the Good • The Final End • Choice Argument for happiness as the final end • Self Sufficiency Argument for happiness as the final end • Most Desirable Argument for happiness • The Function of Man • Argument for function • Life is not Man’s Function • The Function is found in the rational part • Function & Good

  15. Aristotle’s virtue theory • How is Happiness Acquired? • How? • Divine Dispensation • Study & Training • Teleological Argument Against Chance • Happiness • Political Science & Virtue • Excellence & Virtue • Excellence • Virtue • The Mark of Virtue • Actions • The mean

  16. Aristotle’s virtue theory • The Doctrine of the Mean Applied • Particulars • More Particulars • Summing Up & Three Rules • Virtue • Difficult to be Good • Practical Rule #1: Keeping away from the contrary extreme • Practical Rule #2: Likely errors • Practical Rule #3: Pleasure • Hitting the Mean • Rule

  17. Religion & ethics • Basis of Morality • Ethics & God • Introduction • Divine Command Theory • Autonomy Thesis • Kant • Secular Ethics • Intellectualism & Voluntarism • Introduction • Voluntarism • Intellectualism

  18. St. Thomas Aquinas • Background • Early Life • The Ox • Works • Teleological Ethics • Nicomachean Ethics • Actions • Humans Actions vs. Acts of Humans • Factors of Moral Assessment • Christian Modification

  19. St. thomasaquinas • Natural Law • Natural Law • Natural Morality • Disagreement • The Four Laws • Metaphysics • Eternal Law • Natural Law • Divine Law • Human Law

  20. St. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica • Whether there is an Eternal Law? • Law • Eternal Law & Natural Law • Whether an Effect of Law is to Make Men Good? • Law & Virtue • Goodness & The State • Tyrannical Law

  21. St. Thomas AquinasSumma Theolgica • Whether the Natural Law Contains Several Precepts or Only One • Natural Law is Self Evident • Principle of Practical Reason • Good & Evil • Inclination to Good • Whether the Natural Law is the Same in All Men? • Same

  22. Divine command theory • Definition of Divine Command Theory • Defined • Characteristics • Appeal

  23. John dun scotus • Background • Life • Dunsmen • Will, Intellect & Morality • The Will & Intellect • Scotus’s Argument for the Will • Voluntarism & Morality • Voluntarism & God • Argument for Voluntarism • Love of God • The Ten Commandments

  24. Divine command theoryThe bible • Morality • The Ten Commandments • Killing • Injury • Loans, Thefts, & Losses • Virgins • More Death • Treatment of Aliens, Widows & Orphans

  25. Problems with divine command theory • Problems • Euthyphro Problem • Different Religions, Texts, Interpretations • Metaphysics • God’s Goodness • Arbitrariness

  26. Concerns about divine command theory • Concerns • Moral Intuitions & Actual Moral Practices • Selective Approach • Religious People have done Evil Things

  27. Consequentialism • Introduction • Defined • Value • Relevant Beings • Appeal

  28. ConsequentialismEthical egoism • Introduction • Ethical Egoism • Altruism & Egoism • Appeal of Egoism • Varieties of Egoism • Psychological Egoism • Personal Egoism • Egotism • Ethical Egoism

  29. ConsequentialismEthical egoism • Standard Arguments for Ethical Egoism • Adam Smith Style Argument • Ayn Rand • Response to Rand • Thomas Hobbes

  30. Ethical egoismThomas Hobbes • Background • Personal Information • The English Civil War • Leviathan (1642) • Physics • Goal & Method • Empiricism • Metaphysical Materialism • God • Ontology • Ethics • Morality & Materialism

  31. Thomas hobbesleviathan • Of the Natural Condition of Mankind • Equality • Value • Three Causes of Quarrel • War • War & Justice • The Passions that Incline Men to Peace • Articles of Peace

  32. Thomas hobbesLeviathan • Of the First & Second Natural Laws, & of Contracts • The Right of Nature (jus naturale) • Law of Natuire (lexnaturalis) • Right & Law • Fundamental Law of Nature • The Second Law of Nature • Of Other Laws of Nature • Third Law of Nature: Justice • Justice & Injustice

  33. Thomas hobbesLeviathan • Moral Philosophy • Moral Philosophy • Good & Evil • Moral Philosophy

  34. Problems with ethical egoism • Inconsistency • The Argument • Reply • The Ironic Argument • Argument • Reply • The Paradox Argument • Argument • Responses

  35. Consequentialismutilitarianism • Introduction • Defined • Utility • Relevant Beings • Act & Rule Utilitarianism • Proponents • Appeal • Costs & Benefits • Democracy • Moral Intuitions

  36. John stuart mill • Background • Background • Education • Life • Works

  37. John stuart millutilitarianism • What Utilitarianism Is • Foundation of Morals • Ends • The Pig Objection • The Objection • Mill’s Reply • Difference in quality of pleasures • Basis of the difference in quality of pleasures • Preference • Higher Faculties • Happiness & Contentment • Objection • Competent Judges

  38. John stuart millutilitarianism • Standard, End & Scope • Standard • End & Scope • Proof of the Principle of Utility • Questions of Ultimate Ends • The Analogy • All Possible Proof

  39. John stuart millutilitarianism • Objection • People desire things other than happiness • Virtue & Happiness • Love of Money • Love of Power & Fame • Virtue contrasted with love of money, power or fame • Happiness • Proof of the Principle of Utlity

  40. Problems with utilitarianism • Internal Problems • Formulation • Consequences • Response • External Problems • Unreasonable Expectations • The Rights of Minorities • Nothing is Forbidden • Absurd Implications • Integrity

  41. deontology • Introduction • Defined • Rule-Deontological Theories • Defined • Rules • Proponents • Appeal

  42. Kantian Ethicsintroduction • Introduction • Theoretical Reason • Practical Reason • Ethical Works • Emphasis • Rationalism

  43. Categorical imperativeImmanuel Kant • The Good Will • The Good Will & Qualities • Worthiness of Happiness • Virtues • The Goodness of the Good Will • Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law • Moral Worth • The Good • Law • Example • Determining the Good • Duty

  44. Categorical imperativeImmanuel kant • The Categorical Imperative • Law & Will • Imperatives • Examples • Suicide • Lying Promises • Rusting Talents • Helping Others

  45. Categorical imperativeImmanuel kant • Ends • Rational Beings • Objects of the Inclination • Rational Beings • Supreme Practical Principle • Kingdom of Ends • Rational Beings as Legislators • Three Postulates of Morality • Introduction • Freedom • Immortality • God

  46. Problems withdeontology • Problems • Duty • Inflexibility • Rationality • Terrible Maxims seem to pass the test • Kingdom of Ends

  47. Ethical relativism & subjectivism • Introduction • Defined • Proponents • Pojman’s Reconstruction of the argument • Subjectivism • Appeal • Appeal • Melville Herskovits’ Tolerance Argument

  48. Herodotuscustom is king • Background • Life (484-425 bc) • Works • Contribution • Relativism • The Best • Anecdote of Darius

  49. Problems withethical relativism • Problems • Relativism refutes the tolerance argument • Relativism precludes cross cultural criticism • Disturbing Consequences • Defining Culture • Relativism collapses into Subjectivism • Subjectivism collapses into Nihilism • Criticism of the Argument • Diversity Thesis • Dependency Thesis

More Related