1. Anatomy I - Unit 3:Basic Biochemistry

2. What is Biochemistry? • Biochemistry is the study of the chemical interactions of living things. • Biochemists study the structures and physical properties of biological molecules. • Often are involved in the manufacture of new drugs and medical treatments

3. The most common elements found in living organisms include: Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Elements in Living Organisms

4. Periodic Table of the Elements (excerpt)

5. Biochemistry: where chemistry and biology meet head-on • Living things require millions of chemical reactions within the body, just to survive. • Metabolism = all the chemical reactions occurring in the body. • Organic molecules: • usually associated with living things. • always contain CARBON. • are “large” molecules, with many atoms • always have covalent bonds (share electrons)

6. Macromolecules of Cells • Macro = large • 4 types of macromolecules in cellular biology 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

7. Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates • Sugars and groups of sugars • Purposes: energy and structure • Includes three types: • Monosaccharide (1 sugar – quick energy) • Disaccharide (2 sugars – short storage) • Polysaccharide (many sugars – energy long storage & form structures)

8. Macromolecule #1: Carbohydrates • Polysaccharide Examples: • Glycogen—glucose polymer stored for future energy needs. Found in liver, muscle and sperm, etc. • Cellulose—glucose polymer used to form fibers for plant structures. Humans can’t digest (fiber). Most abundant organic molecule. • Chitin—glucose polymer for exoskeletons of some crustaceans & insects.

9. Polysaccharides

10. Polysaccharides

11. Macromolecule #2: Lipids • Insoluble in water (think oil & water) 4 types: • 1-triglycerides (fats & oils) • (long-term energy storage, insulation) • 2-phospholipids (primary component of cell membrane) • 3-steroids (cell signaling) • cholesterol molecules modified to form sex hormones. (e.g. testosterone, estrogen, etc.) • 4-waxes (protection, prevents water loss) • Used mainly by plants, but also bees, some furry animals and humans.

12. Triglycerides

13. Phospholipids

14. Steroids

15. Waxes

16. Macromolecule #3: Proteins • Probably the most complicated of all biological molecules. • Serve the most varied purposes, including:

17. Collagen

18. Antibodies

19. Cellular Transport

20. Motion actin & myosin fibers in muscles

21. Macromolecule #3: Proteins • The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS. There are only 20 types of Amino Acids. • There are millions of different proteins, and they are all built from different combinations of the 20 amino acids. • Amino acids join together to form peptides, polypeptides, and polypeptide chains.

22. Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides: building blocks of nucleic acids. • Each nucleotide contains • (a) phosphate molecule, • (b) nitrogenous base, and • (c) 5-carbon sugar • Several types of nucleic acids, including: • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid • Genetic material, double stranded helix • RNA: ribonucleic acid • Genetic material, single stranded • ATP: adenosine triphosphate • High energy compound

23. DNA

24. Nucleotide Structure

25. THE BIG PICTURE • Chemistry is essential for life…