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Reform Movements

Reform Movements. Standard 2.4, 3.1. Reasons for. cultural differences between sections many saw need for return to religion social ills caused by factory life disenchantment with life. Antebellum Reform Movements. Proof of Learning 2/22.

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Reform Movements

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  1. Reform Movements Standard 2.4, 3.1

  2. Reasons for • cultural differences between sections • many saw need for return to religion • social ills caused by factory life • disenchantment with life

  3. Antebellum Reform Movements

  4. Proof of Learning 2/22 • How did sectional differences give rise to reform movements? • Where did many of the movements get their justification? • Which one was most necessary at the time? Why? • Which has had the most lasting effect? How so?

  5. The Missouri CompromiseStandard 3.2

  6. The Battle • power struggle in Congress between slave & free states • needed to keep it even as more states applied for statehood • North: large immigrant pop.; feared spread of slavery b/c competed w/free labor • South: little change in population, habits, economy, beliefs

  7. Missouri Compromise • territories could apply for statehood w/pop. of 60,000 • House wanted slaves to be freed gradually; South blocked it in Senate • in 1818 US had 10 free & 10 slave states • IL admitted free, AL slave • MO would upset balance; South felt way of life threatened

  8. secession & war threatened • Henry Clay created compromise; known as “Great Compromiser” • The Compromise: 1820; ME admitted free, MO admitted slave; LA Territory divided @ 36o30’ line of latitude; north (except MO) closed to slavery; south open to slavery

  9. Proof of Learning 9/19 • Why was there a power struggle in Congress? • What group of people in the North feared job competition from the slaves? • Why did the South want Missouri admitted as a slave state? • Explain how the Missouri Compromise “fixed” the issue of free vs. slave states in Congress.

  10. The 1850’s Standard 2.4

  11. Compromise of 1850 • slavery still dividing the nation; CA ready to be admitted already (why?); Wilmot Proviso suggested no slavery in Mexican Cession; Henry Clay creates this deal in 4 parts • CA admitted as a free state • Mexican Cession divided & slavery left to pop. sov. • slave trade banned in Washington, DC • harsher Fugitive Slave Law

  12. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • published 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe • made slavery everyone’s problem • South viewed as propaganda

  13. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • proposed by Stephen A. Douglas • needed the land to be settled to build a RR; Douglas wanted it to start in Chicago • the act: divided into 2 territories; slavery decided by pop. sov. • results: pro-slavery gps. AND abolitionists rushed in; both gps. created constitutions; many fights (Bleeding Kansas)

  14. Dred Scott vs. Sanford • 1857 Supreme Court decision; Roger Taney (Chief Justice) • Scott traveled w/master to free territory; sued for freedom when master died • said living in free terr. made him free • decision: slaves not citizens, so cannot bring ct. case; Congress can’t govern slavery in the territories (undid MO Comp.)

  15. in VA; led by John Brown; October 1859 gathered slaves & tried to rob federal arsenal to start a slave rebellion troops trapped them there; one of Brown’s sons killed Brown surrendered; hanged for treason; became a martyr for abolitionists Raid on Harper’s Ferry

  16. Proof of Learning 9/20 DO NOT USE • List the 4 parts of the Compromise of 1850. • Who proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act? • How are slavery & popular sovereignty related? • What court decision undid the Missouri Compromise? • Why did John Brown raid the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry? Should he have been considered a traitor?

  17. Proof of Learning 2/27 • How did the MO Compromise “fix” the issue of free vs. slave states in Congress? • List the 4 parts of the Compromise of 1850. • How are slavery and popular sovereignty related? • What court decision undid the Missouri Compromise? • Why did John Brown seize the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry? Should he have been considered a traitor? Why/why not?

  18. And So It Begins… Standard 3.2

  19. Election of 1860 • newly-formed Republican party running 2nd candidate ever: Abraham Lincoln • Democrats divided: Northern Dems. ran Stephen Douglas; Southern Dems. ran John Breckinridge • Const. Union (Know-Nothings, southern Whigs) ran John Bell • Lincoln not on ballot in South; won anyway

  20. The Confederacy • secession begins w/SC in December 1860; MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX follow; VA, AR, TN, NC in 1861 • Jefferson Davis elected President of Confederate States of America (CSA) • capital at Richmond, VA • believed they were a new country

  21. First Shots • Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor • Americans expect short war • Anaconda Plan: Union strategy; blockade ports, capture MS River to divide CSA, capture Richmond • 1st Bull Run: in Manassas, VA; exposed Union weaknesses & proved war will not be quick

  22. How they stack upMake a T-chart for this slide • North: majority of factories, population, railroads; good political leadership (Lincoln) • South: good military leaders (R. E. Lee, T. Jackson); desire to win; foreign allies

  23. Proof of Learning 2/28 • Give 2 reasons that Lincoln’s election was historic. • Who was president of the Confederacy? • Describe the Anaconda Plan. • Which side was better equipped to wage and win a war? Explain your answer.

  24. Proof of Learning 3/1 • Between what years was the Civil War fought? Who were the commanding generals at the surrender? • Why are the Battles of Antietam & Gettysburg significant? • How did Vicksburg relate to the Anaconda Plan? • What happened to Atlanta? Who did it? • Why did the Emancipation Proclamation not free any slaves? (I’ll give you this one.)

  25. Reconstruction: How do we put war behind us? Standard 3.3-3.5

  26. Create a Chart • You will need to create a chart to organize the following information: Plan Name, Originator, Terms of Plan, Strengths, Weaknesses, Grade, Rationale

  27. 10% Plan • Abraham Lincoln’s plan • pardon all Confederates swearing allegiance to Union • once 10% of 1860 voters swore loyalty, new state govt. & constitution could be formed

  28. Presidential Reconstruction • Andrew Johnson’s idea • each state must: withdraw secession, majority must swear allegiance, annul war debts, ratify 13th Amendment • former wealthy landowners & high-ranking officials could not take oath • resulted in standoff with Congress over Civil Rights Act 1866 & Freedmen’s Bureau

  29. Congressional Reconstruction • Radical Republicans in Congress; Reconstruction Act of 1867 • no govts. formed under Lincoln & Johnson plans recognized • divided South into 5 military districts • voters elect delegates to conventions to draw up new constitutions that allowed black men right to vote & ratified 14th Amendment

  30. Proof of Learning 3/4 • What was Lincoln’s plan called? What did most people dislike about it? • How was Johnson’s plan different from Lincoln’s? • What aspect of Lincoln & Johnson’s plans did Congress object to the most? • What were the requirements for re-admittance under Congressional Reconstruction?

  31. Political & Economic Reconstruction Standard 3.3-3.5

  32. The Amendments • 13th: ratified 12/6/1865; abolished slavery • 14th: ratified 7/9/1868; defines citizenship regardless of race, creed, etc. • 15th: ratified 2/3/1870; extended suffrage to black men; came after Grant elected President in 1868 • change is now required but comes slowly

  33. The Reaction • Southerners appalled; lost land, slaves, crops, power, EVERYTHING at war’s end • blacks rode freedmen’s votes into state legislatures; Hiram Revels 1st black US Senator

  34. Carpetbaggers • Northerners who went South after the war • many were looking for business opportunities; some missionaries, teachers, former Unions soldiers who liked the South • presence not appreciated

  35. Scalawags • Southerners who supported Reconstruction • term is derogatory; given by ppl who did not support Reconstruction

  36. The Ku Klux Klan • formed to prevent blacks from voting • dressed as ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers • used terrorism to instill fear • outlawed by Force Act

  37. Economic Recovery • total war ruined crops, land, livestock • Who will work the plantations? • many slaves did not leave, but had to now be paid • sharecropping developed: work someone else’s land; paid “rent” in form of half the harvest • “King” cotton dethroned by tobacco

  38. Proof of Learning 3/4 • Tell what each of the following did: 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, 15th Am. • Who were the carpetbaggers? Name 2 reasons they went south. • Who were the Scalawags? • Why did the KKK begin wearing white hoods? • Was sharecropping better than slavery? Explain your answer.

  39. Social Reconstruction Standard 3.5

  40. Leaving the Plantation • many left to find family • many left just because they could • many stayed because they knew nothing else • Exodusters: went west to Kansas • formed own churches

  41. Freedman’s Bureau • meant to provide for & protect newly freed slaves • mainly a source of education • negotiated labor contracts • Booker T. Washington est. Tuskegee Institute

  42. Restrictions on Blacks • sharecropping & crop lien system kept them in poverty (virtual slavery) • black codes restricted rights • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): court case that est. “separate but equal” • voting restrictions: literacy test, poll tax • grandfather clause helped poor whites vote

  43. Civil Rights Documents • Who authored your document? What is their background? • What is your author’s view on education? Why should the black community be educated? • What approach does your author suggest for achieving racial equality? Why is this the best approach in their mind? • List 2 ideas in your document that you agree with and explain why. • List 2 ideas in your document that you disagree with and explain why.

  44. Proof of Learning 9/28 • Why did some freed slaves not leave the plantations? • Where did the Exodusters settle? • What was the most important function of the Freedman’s Bureau? What school was established? • Explain “separate but equal.” • How did the literacy test & poll tax keep blacks from voting?

  45. Reconstruction Ends Standard 3.4

  46. Grant’s Presidency • 1869-1877 • marked by Southern resistance to Reconstruction • much corruption; appointed friends to office; many bribes taken • divided the Republican party • economic panic in 1873 led to currency dispute

  47. Election of 1876 • Rutherford B. Hayes (R-OH) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (D-NY) • Tilden needed 1 electoral vote to win; 20 votes in dispute (FL, SC, LA) • Reps. & Dems. each sent a set of returns to Washington • Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction if he won

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