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Reform Movements

The 19th century in America was marked by various reform movements aimed at creating social, economic, political, and cultural changes for the better. The Second Great Awakening ignited individual responsibility through revival meetings, leading to new religious movements like Mormonism. Transcendentalism emphasized nature and civil disobedience, while utopian communities sought self-sufficiency. Significant reforms emerged in prisons, education, abolition of slavery, and women's rights, culminating in milestones like the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 demanding equality for all.

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Reform Movements

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  1. Reform Movements Reform= change for the better… Economically, Politically, Socially and Culturally

  2. Religion • Second Great Awakening • Movement that said people had individual responsibility rejected predetermination • Ideas spread through revivals –religious meetings that lasted 4-5 days • Mormonism • Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints • Additional book(Book of Mormon) • Practiced Polygamy • Relocated to Utah(1847)

  3. Transcendentalism • Literary Movement • Emphasized a simple life and connection with nature • Believed in civil disobedience – peacefully disobeying or breaking laws

  4. Utopian Communities • Word “Utopia” means perfect place • Stressed self sufficiency • Did NOT last long

  5. Prison Reform/Treatment of the Insane • Prisoners were physically punished • Criminals and mentally ill people were housed together • Public hospitals est. 1845-1852 for mentally ill-Dorthea Dix • Prison reformers stressed rehabilitation penitentiary = place of repentance

  6. Education Reform • Before 1850- one-room schools, physicals punishment and poorly trained teachers were usual • After 1850, each state provided some form of free public elementary schools • Improvements came first in the North East- the south and west lagged behind

  7. Abolitionist Movement • Abolition= get rid of slavery • After 1830’s, anti-slave movement gets stronger • Underground railroad • ….A series of “safe houses” that helped slaves escape from the South to the North • Rebellions begin in the South- caused stricter controls on slaves

  8. Women’s Rights • In Antebellum U.S. women could not: • Vote • Sit on juries • Earned ¼ of what men did for the same job-and their money belonged to their husbands • Cult of Domesticity • “a woman’s place is in the home

  9. Temperance Movement • Prohibited drinking of alcohol • 1848-Seneca Falls Convention in Seneca Falls, NY • Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments – declared that all men and women are created equal.

  10. The Lowell Mill • Owners hired single women so they could pay them low wages(pg 262) • Women faced poor working conditions and 17hour days.

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