Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 LANDFARM MANAGEMENT

2. LANDFARM MANAGEMENT Must consider – regulations crop growth patterns soil conditions weather

3. CROP SELECTION & MANAGEMENT • Crop suitability to the operation is critical. • Different crops need different amounts of nutrients. • Crop growth and harvesting patterns must be considered.

4. CROP NUTRIENTS • Grains and Grasses need more nitrogen • Material applied for crop production or pollutant management • Agronomic Rates, Nutrient Management Plan • Metals accumulate more in leaves and vegetative tissue than in seeds and fruit

5. CROP GROWTH PATTERNS Determine production schedule and compare to crop harvest schedule Must a crop be harvested? If so, Why?

6. OPERATING REQUIREMENTS Found in 48:200 for SOLID WASTE Found in 45:100 for SPECIAL WASTE

7. Regulatory Operating Requirements All sludges must be processed to “Significantly Reduce Pathogens (PSRP) or demonstrate equivalency A Certified Landfarming Operator shall be available to the site Incorporate in 48 hours or minimum of 75% vegetative cover (EPA VAR - 6 hours)

8. Regulatory Operating Requirements Material must be incorporated in vegetation or crop residue does not cover 75% of the surface. No hazardous waste or mixtures containing hazardous waste can be land applied. Toxic wastes shall not be stored, treated or land applied.

9. Regulatory Operating Requirements • Leafy vegetables or root crops shall not be grown for human consumption for a period of 12 months after last application. • Other crops should not be grown for human consumption within 2 months of the last application. *See 40 CFR 503.32 for federal restrictions which may be more restrictive

10. Regulatory Operating Requirements • Dairy animal grazing is prohibited for 6 months after last application and all other animal grazing for 3 months. (see 503) • The annual application rate of cadmium shall not exceed 0.44 pounds per acre. • If the annual application rate of cadmium exceeds 0.44 pounds per acre – no food chain crops grown for a growing season.

11. Regulatory Operating Requirements • Tobacco should not be harvested within 5 years of the last application if cadmium application exceeds 0.44 pounds per acre at anytime at the land application site. • The general public shall be restricted from the land application site during application and for a least 12 months after (except for those land applying Class A Biosolids or other non-wastewater solids as approved).

12. Regulatory Operating Requirements • No material shall be applied to frozen, snow covered, ice covered or water saturated ground – or during a precipitation event. • Material shall not be applied at rates in excess of those approved in the permit. • No raw or unstabilized material shall be land applied.

13. Regulatory Operating Requirements • No material applied to the surface shall exceed one-half inch unless incorporated. • High pressure applications that produce aerosols are prohibited. • Fields (subplots) are to be staked or clearly marked.

14. Regulatory Operating Requirements • A sign shall be posted at the entrance to a land application facility indicating – operator name, permit number, contact person(s), and emergency phone number. • Surface water or ponding of applied material shall not occur. • Both surface runoff and run-on shall be controlled.

15. Regulatory Operating Requirements • Records of all applications, including dates, laboratory analysis, application rates, and other required monitoring must be kept during the operation. (see 503) • An annual report shall be submitted representing the previous calendar year on February 19 of the following year unless otherwise instructed by the Division.

16. Regulatory Operating Requirements • Soil in the application areas shall be sampled annually. (see permit) • Material to be land applied shall be sampled for: %TS, %VS, pH, (PCB’s), TKN, NH4-N, NO3-N, P, K, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn * Report in mg/kg dry weight * If material subject to 40 CFR 503 – add arsenic, mercury, molybdenum, & selenium

17. Regulatory Operating Requirements • Soil pH must be maintained at 6.5 or greater during crop production or grazing. • Material containing PCB’s at a level greater than 1.0 mg/kg shall not be land applied. • The amount of nitrogen applied annually should not exceed the crop utilization – agronomic rate.

18. Regulatory Operating Requirements • The maximum lifetime amount of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc is based on the initial cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil on which material is applied. • If heavy metals exceed lifetime limits, operations shall cease and closure begins. Notice placed in the property deed. * See 40 CFR 503 regs for additional info

19. 40 CFR 503 • Type A and Type B are Chapter 45 terms referring to the concentrations of heavy metals in the sludge • Type B is also limited to 250,000 gallons or 250 “dewatered” tons per year • Variance requests will be considered

20. 40 CFR 503 • Applies to “domestic sewage sludge” • Includes “domestic septage” but does not include sludge generated at an industrial facility, hazardous sewage sludge, grit and screenings, drinking water treatment sludge or commercial or industrial septage

21. 40 CFR 503 • Record keeping required for all “TWTDS” – Treatment Works Treating Domestic Sewage, even if sewage sludge is disposed at a permitted solid waste landfill • Reporting required only if 1 MGD, serving 10,000 people, or Class I.

22. 40 CFR 503 • EPA considers rule “self-implementing”, meaning you do not need a permit from Region IV, Atlanta, GA • General provisions and requirements for land application, including pollutant limits, pathogen and vector attraction reduction • Surface Disposal and Incineration

23. 40 CFR 503 • 503 does not replace State regulations - it sets minimum national standards • KY is not a delegated permitting authority for the 503 rule (only eight states are) • Users or disposers of sludge must follow the most restrictive requirements of State and Federal rules

24. 40 CFR 503 • More stringent requirements of 503: • Additional pollutants – Arsenic, Mercury, Molybdenum, and Selenium, in addition to Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn • Food crop restrictions up to 38 months, compared to 1 year max in state rule • Only Class A pathogen and vector attraction reduced sludge may be used on lawns, etc.

25. 40 CFR 503 • The State rule is more stringent in: • Siting setbacks • 503 has one specific (10 meters to waters of the U.S.), and generalized prohibitions to protect endangered species and wetlands • State has soil depth, permeability, slope, residences, property line, streams, roads, karst

26. 40 CFR 503 • State more stringent: • Certified landfarming or composting operator • Dairy grazing prohibited for 6 months, other livestock for 3 months (30 days in 503) • Sign at entrance to landfarm, subplots marked • Soil pH 6.5 • Heavy metals limits lower except Lead

27. 40 CFR 503 • Class A and Class B are 503 terms referring to the level of pathogen reduction. • Class A is analogous to a Process to Further Reduce Pathogens in Chapter 45 • Class B in analogous to a Process to Significantly Reduce Pathogens in Chapter 45

28. 40 CFR 503 • Type A and Type B are Chapter 45 terms referring to the concentrations of heavy metals in the sludge • Type B is also limited to 250,000 gallons or 250 “dewatered” tons per year • Variance requests will be considered

29. LANDFARM MANAGEMENT • Questions?

30. General Objective • Describe soil properties that influence beneficial uses of waste

31. Specific Objectives • Identify the four roles of soil. • Identify and explain the collective features of soil. • Explain the important soil behavioral properties important for land application wastes. • Explain why crop management is important. • Describe the importance of soil testing.

32. Specific Objectives • Identify the effects nutrients have on crops. • Understand why conservation practices are necessary. • Understand crop and soil management guidelines.