Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Department of Agriculture

1. Ministry of Agriculture and IrrigationDepartment of Agriculture Myanmar Delegates Department of Agriculture Current Activities on Hybird Rice Production in Myanmar 2014 July

2. Three Main Tasks of Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) • Seed Production • Training and Education • Research and Development

3. The country’s paddy production and surplus condition (2011-12)

4. Paddy sown area and productivity Source: Myanmar Agriculture in Brief 2013, MOAI.

5. Overview of Hybrid Rice Production in the World

6. Hybrid Rice in Asia

7. Current Situation of Hybrid Rice Production in Myanmar

8. Objectives of Hybrid Rice Production in Myanmar • To get more income to the farmers by cultivating of hybrid rice • To emerge hybrid rice seed companies by transferring hybrid rice seed production technologies to the farmers and agricultural companies. • To get hybrid rice seed with cheap price by producing hybrid rice seed in domestic.

9. Two Commercial Systems for Hybrid Rice

10. System of Hybrid rice seed porduction in Myanmar Myanmar currently use three-line (A, B, R line) hybrid rice seed production system.

11. Requirements for 3 Lines in CMS System • A-line (Cytoplasmic male sterile Line) • Stable Sterility • Well developed floral traits for outcrossing • Easily, wide-spectum, & strongly to be restored • B-line (Maintainer Line) • Well developed floral traits with large pollen load • Good combining ability • R-line (Restorer Line) • Strong restore ability • Good combining ability • Taller than A-line • Large pollen load, normal flowering traits and timing

12. Hybrid rice seed production in Shwe Taung Farm

13. Hybrid rice (Palethwe) seed production in 2011-2012 (rainy season) Hybrid rice (Palethwe) seed production in 2011-2012 (summer season)

14. Hybrid rice (Palethwe) seed production in 2012-2013 (rainy season)

15. Hybrid rice (Palethwe) seed production in 2012-2013 (summer season)

16. Hybrid rice (Palethwe) seed production in 2013-2014 (rainy season)

17. Hybrid rice (Palethwe) seed production in 2013-2014 (Summer season)

18. Hybrid rice seed production in Ayeyarwaddy region

19. Hybrid rice seed production in Yangon region

20. Hybrid rice production in Kayin State

21. Seed Distribution • Using Palethwe Hybrid rice (F1)seed (86564)kg produced in 2011-12 (rainy), (2443)farmers who are interested to cultivate Palethwe Hybrid rice from States and Regions could cultivated (7527) acres. • Using Palethwe Hybrid rice (F1)seed (95167)kg and Basmati Hybrid rice seed (983)kg produced in 2011-12 (summer), (38513)farmers who are interested to cultivate Palethwe Hybrid rice from States and Regions could cultivated (29595) acres.

22. Palethwe Hybrid Rice Production in Wetlet Township (Sagaing Region)

23. Palethwe Hybrid rice seed production in Myinmu Township (Sagaing Region)

24. Palethwe Hybrid rice production in Myittha Township (Mandalay Region)

25. Hybrid rice (F1) Cultivation

26. Increased in Yield/Acre • 270 Baskets/acre in Nyaung Shwe Township in 2012-13 • 247 Baskets/acre in Patheingyi Township in 2012-13 • 230 Baskets/acre in Watlet Township in 2012-13 • Average 140-150 Baskets/acre • Yield 2-3 times higher than other high yielding varieties

27. Palethwe Hybrid Rice (F1) Cultivation in Laeway Township, Nay Pyi Taw

28. Palethwe Hybrid Rice (F1) Cultivation in PyinmanaTownship, Nay Pyi Taw

29. Technology applied in hybrid rice production 1) Choice of Areas and Growing Season for Seed Production: • The areas of seed production should be chosen so as to provide the best possible conditions at flowering and the pollen shedding period. • The most suitable condition are, 24-28 °C day light average temperature, the relative humidity 70-80 percent , the temperature difference between day and night 8-10 °C and good sunshine. • An average day temperature of more than 30 °C or less than 23°C, continuous rains, or strong wind are generally harmful to flowering, pollination and cross- fertilization.

30. Technology applied in hybrid rice production 2) Selection of Seed Fields: • The selection of prime field plots is necessary. • The seed fields should be free of volunteer plants, well levelled, should have fertile soil with good physical and chemical characteristics and well drained.  3) Isolation: • The hybrid paddy fields should be isolated from the other paddy fields, including commercial hybrid of same variety, and same hybrid not conforming to varietal purity requirements for certification at least by 200 meters for foundation seed class ( A,B and R line Production) and by 100 meters for hybrid seed production ( AX R production).

31. Technology applied in hybrid rice production 4) Brief Cultural Practices for hybrid (AXR) Production Nursery: • Raising of vigorous seedlings is an important factor for obtaining high seed yields. • The root system of vigorous seedlings are flourishing, leaf sheaths have high carbon content and all this contributes to produce green growth and tillering at the lower nodes so that more dry matter is accumulated, leading to more panicles and a high seed setting rate per panicle. • It has been observed that tillering at the lower nodes gives more and bigger panicles which helps to achieve the goal of 100 kernels per ear. • Prepare the seedling bed with basal manure. Seed at 22.2 kg/ha for the female parent and 5 kg/ha for the male parent.

32. Technology applied in hybrid rice production 5) Sowing Time: • The proper sowing time is dictated by the number of days required from sowing time to panicle formation. • The sowing should be so adjusted that the crop comes to panicle stage soon after the end of high temperature period. 6) Transplanting: • Seedlings with healthy tillers are the basis for increased panicle size. For hybrid seed production, the seedlings of both parents should be standardized. • Seedlings of the male parent for short duration varieties should be 20-30 days old with 5.5-7 leaves and 2-3 tillers. 7) Planting Ratio: • The ratio of female and male lines is generally kept at 2:10-12, and row spacing 10X10 inches for male parent and 6X6 inches for female parent.

33. Technology applied in hybrid rice production 8) Row Difference: • Both parents should receive good aeration and equal amounts of sunlight. • Row direction should be nearly perpendicular to prevailing winds at flowering to ensure more cross-pollination. • 9) Fertilization: • Adequate fertilization in necessary. In general a seed field with moderate fertility should be treated with 200 kg N, 50 kg P, and 150 kg K per ha, 90 percent applied as a basal dose and 10 percent after panicle differentiation.

34. Technology applied in hybrid rice production 10) Water Management: • Good water management is very important for regulating water, fertilizer, air and temperature of soil. • Give shallow irrigation at the transplanting and tillering stages. In soils where water permeability is poor the field must not be allowed to remain under water for too long so that root growth could be drained the booting stage. • During heading, if the air temperature is above 35 °C , water should be applied during the day and drained – off at night so as too decrease soil temperature.

35. Technology applied in hybrid rice production 11) Synchronization of Flowering : • Synchronizing the flowering of both parents is the key to increased yields. • Technical measures such as staggering seedling dates of the male and females parents, sowing the male parents three times to extend the time pollen is available , and predicting and adjusting flowering dates may be adopted. • Actual practices would have to be standardized for each hybrid and the locations selected for the hybrid seed production.

36. Ways to Synchronization of flowering • Growth Duration Method • Leaf Number Method • Effective Accumulated Temperature for Synchronization

37. Procedures to be cured for Synchronization of Hybrid Rice Seed Production • Seeding by adjusting the day of A and R seeding based on flowering period. • To cover the A line flowering date by seeding the R line (2) to (3) times separately. • Irrigation and drainage to A and R synchronize. • By applying urea fertilizer to A line to late flowering stage of A. • By applying potash and Triple-super phosphate for early flowering stage. • By using ‘hormone’ for early and late flowering. • Checking the heading stage and growth stage and then adjusting the needs.

38. Methods of Improving Seed Setting Supplementary Pollination ( Rope Pulling) : • On calm days during anthesis, supplementary pollination can be carried out. • Panicles of the restorer lines are shaken by pulling a long nylon rope ( 5mm diameter) back and forth every 30 minutes until no pollen remains on the restore line. • This method if often used on even topography and regularly shaped plots. • In hilly , uneven topography with small, irregular plots, a bamboo pole may be used.

39. Supplementary Pollination ( Rope Pulling)

40. Sky view of hybrid rice seed production in Shwe Taung Farm

41. Methods of Improving Seed Setting Leaf Clipping • Leaves taller than the panicles are the main obstacles to cross pollination. • Clipping leaves 1-2 days before initial heading increases the probability of pollination and out crossing rate. • The blade of flag leaf is cut back ½ to 1/3 from the top. GA3 spray. • Spraying seed parent with 75 gm GA3/ha 60 ppm or more 2 or 3 times increases panicle exertion and help increased seed setting.

42. Methods of Improving Seed Setting Roughing: • The seed field should be free of roughes. • Remove off- type plants in both the parents first before the onset off flowering stage and then soon after emergence of the panicle. • Rough out the plants of maintainer line, if any and the semi-sterile plants in the seed parent as often as necessary. Harvesting of Seed Crop: • Harvest male rows first to avoid chances of mechanical admixture.

43. Constraints in Hybrid Rice Seed Productions • Environmental and Climate Change • Land Leveling • Buying and selecting of Hormones • Pests, Diseases, rats and birds • Investment in hybrid rice production and infrastructural improvement • Further enhancement of participation of private sector

44. Strength and weak points if hybrid rice production in Myanmar Strength • Diverse agro-ecological conditions and rich bio-diversity • Rich land and water resources • Large skilled work force with relatively low wages • (4) production seasons of skilled staffs trained in ShweTaung Farm can share hybrid rice seed production to State and Region.

45. Strength and weak points of hybrid rice production in Myanmar Weakness • Comprehensive agricultural productivity and producers’ welfare policies still lacking. • Weak research and development institutions and services on hybrid rice production • Under- development in inefficient rural financial institutions and services • Breeders, hybrid rice seed production specialists and seed technologists (degree, non-degree training) • Seed technicians/inspectors • Availability and access (quantity) • Seed network (Producers to buyers) • Price (affordability) • Market presence (Seed store)

46. Future plan to develop hybrid rice production in Myanmar • Significant increase in investments on research and development capacity skills enhancement, hybrid rice seed industry facilities and infrastructure. • Reduction of the gap between real and potential productivity of hybrid rice in considering to sustain environment. • Extension of public and private sector participation for environmentally friendly agriculture production ways and means. • Proven technology for hybrid rice seed production and development. • Development of research works on hybrid rice production. • Capacity building activities and human resource development for key staff • Development of Seed processing plants for hybrid rice production. • Provision of updated information through multimedia • Collaboration with NGO, INGO and other institutions

47. Conclusion • Hybrid rice production program has been carried out both public and private sectors. • To supply rice for increasing population, the requirement of paddy production is 41 million metric tons. The paddy yield needs to reach 5.15 metric ton per hectare. • To meet the above mentioned requirements, the Government tried to increase the rice production with two categories, paddy sown area expansion and increase in rice yield per acre by hybridization. • To develop adequate marketing systems of hybrid rice that will create satisfactory hybrid rice seed demand and adequate and timely supply of the required range of varieties of desired quality, at reasonable prices and at locations accessible to farmers.

48. Thanks for your kind attention