The Mexican Revolution

The Mexican Revolution • What’s their story of revolution?

Problems facing Mexico in the1800s Freedom from Spain 1821 Autocratic governments (“caudillos”) Tension between classes: peninsulares, creoles (criollos), mestizos, and indios Unequal distribution of wealth Large landowners and lots of poor peasants Lack of economic/industrial development

“Porfiriato” PorfirioDíaz was president of Mexico from 1877 until 1911. Becomes a dictator. During this period, the economy grew; new railways and telephone networks were built; new banks opened; industry, mining, agriculture and commerce expanded. Major concessions led to foreign control over large sectors of the economy.

Pan O Palo Exiled • #1 Porfirio Diaz • Helps rich & church, little to help poor & Indians • Becomes a dictator • 1910: His opponent for the presidency Francisco Madero is jailed • Madero escapes • 1911: Madero helped by Emiliano Zapata & Pancho Villa, Diaz overthrown & goes into exile

1911: #2 Francisco Madero is now President Mexican Revolution: Madero & Huerta (1911-1915) • Emiliano Zapata wants land reform, take land away from foreigners & wealthy and give it to peasants, Madero rejects idea • Zapata issues Plan de Ayala (remove Madero/enact land reform) • Pancho Villa arrested and escapes from prison • , • 1913: #3 Gen Huerta overthrows Madero, has Madero executed • Huerta runs country as a military dictatorship Executed Tierra y Libertad

Emiliano Zapata Emiliano Zapata wanted massive land reformsthat were expressed in his motto “Reform, Freedom, Justice and Law!”which was shortened to “Tierra y Libertad” (Land and Liberty).

Pancho Villa Pancho Villa led peasant rebels in the north and attacked the Federal Army. Villa lead and fought in a decades worth of battles for the cause with his army known as "The Dorados"(The Golden Boys). The name was ironic considering that they were mostly makeshift Revolutionaries who were recruited from village to village where Villa and his men would pillage

General VictorianoHuerta General Huerta established a military dictatorship in Mexico For almost 11 years, civil war raged across Mexico as various rebel groups fought for power. The most important insurgent leaders Venustiano Carranza, Francisco Villa, and Emiliano Zapata.

The Mexican Revolution mobilized large segments of the population, both men and women. The Villista forces included railroad workers, cowboys, and townsfolk who took up arms against the army.

Soldaderas March Las Soldaderas were women "fighters" who made significant contributions to both the federal and rebel armies of the Mexican Revolution. Though few actually engaged in combat, their assistance to male soldiers in fighting the war were monumental.

U.S. invades twice 1914, 1916 1914, Woodrow Wilson orders occupation of the city of Veracruz 1916 5,000 U.S. troops pursued Pancho Villa who raided Columbus, New Mexico. Never caught him

Huerta/the US/Carranza • Victoriano Huerta leads Mexico starting in February 18, 1913—overthrows Madero • US Intervenes for Standard Oil in April 21, 1914 • Navy in Vera Cruz • US Backs Venustiano Carranza • Carranza becomes President in July 15, 1914. • Huerta is out of power and the US leaves but the chaos continues

Mexican Revolution: Carranza (1915-1920) - Villa joins w/ Zapata & Gen. Venustiano Carranza - Huerta flees into exile – Villa & Carranza both want to be Pres - 1915:US backs #4 Carranza, 1916: Villa robs & kills Americans in New Mexico - Villareturns to Mexico to overthrow Huerta - Carranza allows US to send 5K troops under Gen. “Blackjack” Pershing into Mexico, Villa never caught -1919:Zapata is tricked by Carranza supporter & killed -1920:Carranza tries to fix election, killed by supporter of Alvaro Obregon Exiled Assassinated Assassinated

Alvaro Obregon Obregón defeated Pancho Villa’s cavalry in a series of bloody battles in 1915 and became president in 1920.. Since 1920, with the Civil War over, a new “Revolutionary Elite” ruled Mexico. However, the Revolution had devastated the nation. 1.5 million were killed, major industries destroyed, ranching and farming were disrupted.

July 20, 1923Villa Assassinated https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRlxQW4y7Bs

Revolutionary Results Some Real Changes: • 1917 Mexican Constitution • Land reforms, limited foreign ownership of key resources • Guaranteed rights of workers • restrictions on clerical education and church ownership of property • educational reforms • Workers organized and were represented in government

General Lazaro Cardenas His government carried out considerable land reform, he reorganized labor, and, most significant of all, he nationalized the oil industry. After Cardenas, the pace of reforms slowed. Although Mexico is a democracy, one party has dominated the country since 1929 until very recently. PetroleosMexicanos

Loses War Overthrown The Mexican Revolution What happened to the leaders? Assassinated Exiled Assassinated Executed Exiled Assassinated Assassinated

The Mexican Revolution