Referencing Sourcing your written work By Keith Barker-Jones
Style of referencing The Harvard System This will include (within written work): • Author/Date citation within the text • A list of references • A bibliography
Citations and referencing What is citing? When, within your written text, you refer to another author’s work, you must provide their surname and year of publication Example: (Surname, 2009); Surname (2009)
Citations and referencing What is referencing? Referencing is an alphabetically stored list and takes two forms: • List of references – Contains full publication details relating to a citation • Bibliography – Includes material stated in the list of references, plus additional research material not expressed as a citation
Why include citations? • Adds authority to your written work • Guards against plagiarism • Allows the person reading your work access to the original source • Facilitates research and extends learning
When to cite references! • When you use someone else’s intellectual property • When a statement is not considered general knowledge
Sources of information • Books • Journals • Websites • Media : newspapers, magazines, television, videos, DVDs.
Citation variations Considerations: • Paraphrased citations • In verbatim citations of less than one sentence • In verbatim citations of more than one sentence • Citing one author • Citing two authors • Citing more than two authors • Multiple references by the same author • Multiple references by different authors
Citation variations Paraphrased citations: When using an author’s idea that has been reworded Beckles (2006) agrees that MET is relevant to treating hypertonic muscles ….
Paraphrased citation checklist • Often uses author’s name as part of text • Date is contained within brackets (parentheses). • No page number is stated after date
Citation variations If using an in verbatim (word for word) quotation of less than one sentence: “The idea of using MET to treat hypertonic muscles is entirely appropriate” (Beckles, 2006, p62).
In verbatim citation checklist Of less than a sentence: • Uses quotations marks • Identifies the page number after date • Enclose within parentheses
Citation variations An in verbatim (word for word) quotation of more than one sentence. The idea of using MET to treat hypertonic muscles is entirely appropriate. If used in the correct scenario, an MET adds considerably a to a therapist’s technique repertoire (Beckles, 2006, p62).
In verbatim citation checklist Of more than one sentence: • Omits quotation marks • Identifies the author/date under quotation (within Parentheses) • Identifies the page number after date • Quotation is indented and may be italicised
Citing two authors Two authors Smith and Crosby (2006) agree that Postural muscles are prone to hypertonicity… Note that an ampersand is used if the names are in parentheses. “In resisting gravity, posture muscles tend to tighten…” (Smith & Crosby, 2006, p62).
Citing more than two authors Avoid using three or more authors such as: Simmons, Sandhorn and Pinkerton (2008) suggest muscle energy technique is best followed with a stretch… Instead use ‘et al’ which means ‘and others’ Therefore: Simmons, et al (2008) suggest muscle energy technique is best followed with a stretch…
Multiple references by the same author Multiple references can be used, as follows, when one author expresses the same idea in different texts “MET is the finest exponent in addressing muscle hypertoncity” (Thompson 1997, 1999, 2007)
Multiple references by different authors Multiple references can be used, as follows, when different authors express the same idea in different texts The view that muscles respond to massage been supported many times (St. John 1997, 2007; Folly 2008). Use of multiple references may establish a consensus
List of references (sample) Beckles, A. (2007) Handbook for manual treatment Modalities. London: Huffington Publishers. Folly, P. (2009) How effective actually is massage? Daily World, 09 October 2008, p34. Simmons, H. et al (2008) Approaches to advanced massage therapy. Maidstone: Wareing Ltd Smith and Crosby (2006) The hypertonic reflex . 2nd Ed. York: Education Press Ltd.
List of references (sample) Thompson, Z. (1997) Percussion massage and the stretch reflex. Journal of soft tissue therapy, 20 (2), P50-56 Thompson, Z. (1999) Thompson’s finger-tips. [Online] Available at: http://www.thompsons.com/mass.html Accessed 06.12.08 St.John, F. (1997) Functional stretches for athletes. 3rd Ed. Glasgow: McDonalds Publishing St.John, F. (2007) Athletic performance in therapy. [Online] Available at: http://www.Stjohn/ath.html Accessed 09/11/08
