Pre-historic Times

1. Pre-historic Times

2. What do you know about Prehistoric Man? • What I know….

3. How are geography and history linked? How do anthropologists and archaeologists find out about early peoples? How do historians try to reconstruct the past? 1 Understanding Our Past

4. Geography is the study of people, their environments, and the resources available to them. History uses written evidence to tell us how people lived in the past. 1 Geography and History By showing how people lived in different times and places, geographers have added to our knowledge of human history.

5. 1 The Five Themes of Geography Place Movement Region The Human Story Human-environment interaction Location

6. Anthropology is the study of the origins and development of people and their societies. Archaeologyis a specialized branch of anthropology. They study past people and cultures Archaeologists study artifacts,:objects made by human beings. By looking at artifacts they can see how people developed technology, the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs. 1 Anthropologists & Archaeologists

7. Fossils & Artifacts Scientists use many clues to help them put pieces of the past together. One thing they must know is the difference between a fossil and an artifact. Fossils are remains of living things (plants, animals, people), not things that were made. Artifacts are remains of things that were made, not remains of living things.

9. 1 How Do Historians Reconstruct the Past? • Historians rely primarily on written evidence to determine how people lived in the past. • Recorded history began about 5,000 years ago, when people began to keep written records. • Historians are like detectives • Sometimes they come to different conclusions.

10. 1 Assessment Which of the following is not an example of an artifact? a) clothing b) weapons c) rivers d) tools What do historians look at to learn how people lived in the past? a) They focus on the environments in which early people lived. b) They primarily look at written records. c) They primarily dig for artifacts. d) They primarily look at landforms.

11. 1 Assessment Which of the following is not an example of an artifact? a) clothing b) weapons c) rivers d) tools What do historians look at to learn how people lived in the past? a) They focus on the environments in which early people lived. b) They primarily look at written records. c) They primarily dig for artifacts. d) They primarily look at landforms.

12. Prehistory • The time period before writing was invented is known as Prehistory. • History is the time period after writing was invented. • Prehistory is also known as the Stone Age. • The Stone Age has three parts: • Old Stone Age or Paleolithic • Middle Stone Age or Mesolithic • New Stone Age or Neolithic

13. Website Links -Early Man • Ice Age Animals • Nat. Geographic Journey of Man • Stone Age people survival

14. More detailed link to other slide • National Geographic Journey of Man- https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html • Stone Age survival- http://www.creswell-crags.org.uk/Explore/virtually-the-ice-age/stone-age-people.aspx

15. The long journey of Man

16. 3 Million Years Ago 3 million years ago, our planet was teeming with life! There were deer, giraffes, hyenas, sheep, goats, horses, elephants, camels, beavers, cave lions, ants, termites, woolly mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, giant sharks, dogs with huge teeth, and all kinds of birds and plants and fish.

17. Very Early Humans It was during this time that the higher primates, including apes and early man, first appeared. There was a difference between apes and man. Early human-like hominids could stand upright. Apes could not. Their hands were different, too. Ape hands were made for climbing and clinging. Man’s hands were jointed differently, which allowed them to make and use tools.

18. Very Early Humans How do scientists know about an early man who lived 3 million years ago? Lucy told them!

19. Lucy In 1974, a skeleton was found in Africa. The bones were those of a female, about 20 years old or so when she died. Scientists named her Lucy. About 3 million years ago, when Lucy was alive, she was about 4 feet tall and weighed about 50 pounds. Scientists suspect that she fell into a lake or river and drowned. Scientists are like detectives. They can tell a great deal from a skeleton, whether it's one year old or 3 million years old!

20. Handy Man The Stone Age refers to the materials used to make man-made tools. In the Stone Age, man made tools out of stone. “Handy Man” was one of the first hominids to use stone tools. Hunters & Gatherers: The Old Stone Age people were hunters/gatherers. We know this because scientists have found fossils and artifacts, which reveal traces of their life.These people did not plant crops. They gathered wild fruits, nuts, berries, and vegetables.

21. Handy Man These early human-like hominids were taller and smarter than Lucy’s people, but they did not know how to make fire. When they broke camp, they probably tried to bring fire with them by carrying lit branches to use to start a new campfire. If their branches went out, they did without fire until they found something burning.

22. Upright Man Many years passed. Another group of man was born. Scientists nicknamed this group “Upright Man”. Upright Man did know how to make fire. That changed everything! People began to cook their food, which helped to reduce disease. People collected around the fire each night, to share stories of the day's hunt and activities, which helped to develop a spirit of community.

23. Upright Man These Stone Age people were about the same size as modern humans. Their tool-making skills were considerably improved. Their weapons included stone axes and knives. Because Upright Man could make fire, he was free to move about in search of food. He did not have to worry about freezing. He made warm clothes from animal skins. At night, he built a campfire to cook his food and to stay warm.

24. Man Leaves Home About one million years ago, Upright Man began to slowly leave Africa. These early people began to populate the world. They did not need a boat. The Ice Age was here! They traveled across giant walkways of frozen ice, over what later would become vast rivers and seas. Scientists have found artifacts of their tools and weapons, which help us to understand how they lived, where they went, and how they got there.

25. Neanderthals One day, scientists found a new skeleton. This skeleton was from another group of early men. Scientists named this man Neanderthal man, after the valley in which the skeleton had been found. Scientists announced that these early men were dim-witted brutes, who walked with bent knees, with their heads slung forward on their big necks. Could these early people really be our ancestors?

26. What do you know about Neanderthals? • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6.

27. Neanderthals • Neanderthals are the best known of the ancient humans. The Neanderthals lived in Europe and central Asia between 230,000 and 30,000-28,000 years ago—longer than Homo sapiens, or modern humans, have lived on Earth. They lived during the most recent Ice Age, when vast sheets of ice covered many northern parts of the world. • The term “Neanderthal” (also spelled Neandertal) comes from the Neander Valley near Dusseldorf, Germany. This is where scientists found the first Neanderthal fossils in 1856.

28. Neanderthals But scientists had made a mistake! The bones were bent because they were part of the skeleton of an old man suffering from arthritis! Arthritis is a disease that bends and cripples bones.

29. Neanderthals Still, Neanderthals were different from other species of early humans. They were tall and smart, and used caves as their homes. They were great hunters. Considering how smart they were, and how advanced for their time, scientists are puzzled that the Neanderthals were one of the early species of man to die out. Many species of man died out in these early days. But why the Neanderthals? It is a history mystery.

30. Hyoid Bone • The hyoid bone helps to support the tongue and elevate the larynx when you talk or swallow. It's the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone. The hyoid is suspended above the larynx and is anchored by ligaments to bones in the skull. • Our gift of the gab is all due to a small horseshoe-shaped bone suspended in the muscles of our neck, like a piece of fruit trapped in Jell-O. • The hyoid bone, which is the only bone in the body not connected to any other, is the foundation of speech and is found only in humans and Neanderthals.

31. Hyoid Bone

32. assessment • 1. Define hominid • 2. What does BC mean? • 3. Where did Neanderthals live? What modern country? • 4. Why is making fire a great step for the development of early Man?

33. Neanderthal Video-United Streaming BEFORE WATCHING THE VIDEO • What do you know about Neanderthals and the environment in which they lived? • • As you watch the program, look for examples of how Neanderthals adapted to harsh living conditions. Note how their unique physical features allowed them to thrive. AFTER WATCHING THE VIDEO: In the program, Neanderthals used fire for protection and survival. • What other survival skills did Neanderthals have? -How did they find food and protect themselves from the environment? - Discuss reasons why Neanderthals became extinct if these skills were so well developed

34. What ? • What are five key ideas for a person to remember about Neanderthals? • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5

35. Cro-Magnon Man Another group of early men stood out during this period. Scientists nicknamed this group “Cro-Magnon man”. Today they are also called “Early Modern Humans.” (EMH) because they are almost identical to modern humans today. They were a little stockier than we are today because they probably hunted long distances and life was a little harder. Modern humans today have longer, leaner bones. Cro-Magnon man lived throughout Europe. This group did not live a life of constant struggle for survival because they worked together to provide food for their tribe. They lived in larger groups and had more specific roles for doing tasks than the isolated smaller Neanderthal groups.

36. Cro-Magnon Man These Stone Age people learned to cure and store food for the long winter. They used traps, which allowed them to catch food while they were busy doing something else. Fisherman used nets woven from vines and fishhooks. Some groups built rafts and canoes to catch bigger fish in deeper waters. They made clothing and jewelry. They invented the bow and arrow. *language was a key to their superiority over Neanderthals

37. Newcomers • @50,000 years ago Cro-Magnons (EMH-early modern humans) moved into Europe with: tailored clothing, better shelters, more efficient tools….that helped them survive the cold of glacial Europe • Their appearance challenged the world of the Neanderthals.

38. What happened that Modern Man outlasted Neanderthals? • Around 50,000 years ago something happens: -Early modern humans bring in modern technologies: -finer blades, projectile weapons such as the bow, boats, fish hooks 2. Idea of not adapting to rapid climate changes that change “prey-types” • Some scholars think a mutation in the brain occurred in modern humans making it possible for this “techno-jump” of ideas. • Birth rate of Neanderthals was too low due to environmental causes

39. The power of language • They lived in larger groups, communicated ideas to other groups. • Neanderthals – they were more isolated in their clans; their ideas were not shared as often resulting in little change of ideas over 200,000 years

40. Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals • Scientists believe Homo sapiens or EMHs coexisted for a time with Neanderthals. There are a lot of questions about how they dealt with each other. • Two popular theories about the relationship between modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthals: • • Out of Africa: The theory states that Homo sapiens first lived in Africa and eventually traveled into Europe and Asia. These humans had evolutionary advantages that allowed them to outlive—and perhaps cause the extinction of all other hominid groups (as opposed to apes) such as Neanderthal. The way they hunted, talked • • Multiregional: The theory states that modern Homo sapiens evolved from Neanderthal and other hominid groups in Europe and Asia.

41. Other ideas why Neanderthals eventually disappeared. • Neanderthals required more meat to survive- = the S.U.V. of their time. They needed a lot of fuel to survive. • Modern humans had smaller brains, less energy requirements.

42. Review • 1. What is considered some of the possible explainations for Neanderthals going extinct? • 2. How do EMH differ anatomically from modern humans today? Why is that perhaps? • 3. Think of one question over this unit to ask the class.

43. The Stone Ages

44. Time periods • Paleolithic (c 2,000,000 – c 10,000 B.C.) (Old Stone Age) • Longest Age(circa) two million years to 10,000 years ago. to coincide with the first evidence/ tool making, and last ice age. • Mesolithic (c 10,000 – c 5,500 B.C.) (Middle Stone Age) • Covers last ice age until the introduction of farming (sometime around 5,500 B.C.) However, that particular date just represents widespread farming; it apparently was already taking place a few (or several) thousand years earlier in the Middle East. Farming began at different times between the various cultures • Neolithic (c 5,500 – c 2,500 B.C.) (New Stone Age) • very short Neolithic time period, covers the period from the beginning of farming and ending when metal tools came into widespread use. Again, since ‘widespread’ would be a judgment call as to when the next age (Bronze Age) should begin, it would be a matter of opinion. Metal tools in common use (copper) could have begun as early as 6,000 B.C. within some regions of Europe, Asia and North Africa, effectively eliminating the need to refer to any Neolithic time period at these locations. However, it could apply to less advanced regions like the Americas and the rest of Africa. The Neolithic therefore became regionally applied also.

45. Stone Age • Stone Age, the time, early in the development of human cultures, before the use of metals, when tools and weapons were made of stone. The dates of the Stone Age vary considerably for different parts of the world. In Europe, Asia, and Africa it began about 2 million years ago. • Throughout the immense time span of the Stone Age, vast changes occurred in climate and in other conditions affecting human culture. Humans themselves evolved into their modern form during the latter part of it. • The Stone Age has been divided into three periods: the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic.

46. Ages review • Old Stone Age Paleolithic - 2,000,000 – 10,000 B.C • Middle Stone Age- Mesolithic - 10,000 – c 5,500 B.C. • New Stone Age- Neolithic (c 5,500 – c 2,500 B.C

47. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) • It was the longest Age . • It began about 2 million years ago, when stone tools were first used by humanoid creatures, and ended with the close of the last ice age about 10,000 BC. • The hunting and gathering of food was the norm. At first, single tools, such as chipped pebbles or flaked stone implements, were used for all purposes. Over time, a variety of tools were made for specific purposes. • At the end of the Paleolithic period, modern humans (Homo sapiens) made such specialized tools as needles and harpoons. In the Cro-Magnon caves of Europe, wall paintings and evidence of both religious cults and possible social stratification point to the complexity of the cultures.

48. 2 Paleolithic Age During the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic era, people lived as nomads, in small hunting and food gathering groups. These people • made simple tools and weapons out of stone, bone, or wood; • developed a spoken language; • How did this change life? • invented clothing; • used caves and rocky overhangs for shelter; • learned to build fires • for warmth, cooking, light, and ceremonies.

49. 2 Early people left evidence of their belief in a spiritual world. Animismis the belief that the world Is full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dreams. Cave paintings may have been part of animist religious rituals. Stone statues are believed to have had religious meaning. Statues of pregnant women suggest that early people worshiped earth-mother goddesses. Early people began burying their dead with care, suggesting a belief in life after death. They provided the dead with tools and weapons for the afterlife.

50. Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) 10,000 BC to about 5,500 BC • Changing weather patterns resulted in the greater availability of food. In tropical and temperate forest regions, Paleolithic tools, still chipped, were adapted to the new conditions.