Pre-historic Cultures (Archaeology)

1. Pre-historic Cultures (Archaeology) Lithic (stone) Ages – stone implements • Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) – Old World • 2.4 million to 10,000 B.P. • hunting, gathering, scavenging, fishing • Lower Paleolithic • simple biface and flake tools • begin with Homo habilis and Homo erectus • Oldowan and Acheulian • Ended 300,000 years ago • Begin Levallois technique

2. Middle Paleolithic/Epipaleolithic • Mousterian tools and culture • Hand axes, points, scrapers, notched flakes, and borers • Appearance of adornments and ritual objects • appearance of Neanderthals, also modern sapiens • Upper Paleolithic • Maglemosian cultures in Europe • implements and artifacts of ivory, antler, and bone • barbed and spear points, harpoons, spear-throwers, bow and arrow, blade knives and projectile points  • Aesthetic and symbolic accomplishment: Jewelry & Venus statues

3. Round, animal-skin dwellings • Engravings in stone, bone, and ivory • Cave paintings (N Spain and SW France) • Transition into modern Homo sapiens sapiens? • Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) • End of Pleistocene (12,000 – 10,000 B.P.) • 13,000 – 7,000 B.P. – change in modes of production • Grasslands replaced by forests • Extinction of mega-fauna • by 12,000 B.P. Natufians harvesting wild varieties of wheat

4. Neolithic (New Stone Age) • in Middle East big game extinct by 20,000 B.P. • domesticated plants and animals • Sedentarism – permanent villages replace temporary camps • Agriculture • domestication – genetic changes • cultivation – planting and harvesting of wild seeds and tubers • animal husbandry – penning, corralling, milking wild animals • Zagros Mountains (Iran) • Ali Kosh, Jarmo

5. New World Archeology The Americas – “Second Earth” • Clovis point • Paleo Indian and Archaic cultures • Beringia – 60,000 to 12,000 B.P. • Crossing began 13,000 B.P.   • Hunters and gatherers in Brazil by 11,200 B.P. • Appearance of maize in Mexico by 5000 B.P.

6. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Origins of agriculture • Hunter-gatherers • Perhaps 250,000 remaining today • Bushmen – Botswana, South Africa, Namibia • Invention of agriculture • When it began = unclear (around 10,000 B.P. at most) • Diffused from many hearths of domestication • Fertile Crescent: Emmer & Einkorn wheat, barley, oats, rye • China – rice • Southeast Asia/New Guinea – taro, banana, sago palm • East Africa – sorghum, millet, coffee • Mexico: Teosinte (corn/maize), squash, beans • South America (Andes) – potato, cassava/manioc

7. Crop Hearths banana

8. Animal Hearths

9. Historic Archeology • Urbanization and Civilization – emergence of states • plows by 5500 B.P. • ceramics, smelting, bronze, baked, arches, ships, potter’s wheel, trade, metallurgy, calendrical time, weights and measures, mathematics • Irrigation • Writing • First cities between 5800 and 5200 B.P. • Jericho – 10,000 B.P. • Çatal Hüyük – 8,000 B.P. • political-religious-military hierarchy

10. Earliest Civilizations • Mesopotamia • Sumerian civilization • tell • Ziggurat • Cuneiform • Nile Valley • Egyptian civilization • Hieroglyphics • Sub-Saharan Africa • Axum (Ehtiopia) • Ghana • Great Zimbabwe

11. Indus Valley (NW India) • Harappan civilization • China • Xia and Shang dynasties • Mesoamerica • Olmec – La Venta • Teotihuacán • Maya – Tikal, Chichen Itza, Palenque • Toltec – Tula • Aztec – Tenochtitlán • Chinampas • South America (Peru) • Chavín cultures • Moche & Nazaca (later the Wari/Huari)

12. North America • Anasazi – Mesa Verde, Pueblo Bonito • Mississippian – Cahokia, Poverty Point, Santee Mound Later Civilizations • Europe • Greeks & Romans • Mesoamerica • Mayan, Toltec, Aztec • South America • Chimú, Inca

13. Old World Archaeology

14. New World Archeology – “Second Earth”

15. Origins civilization – states • Irrigation • Population growth/war • Trade Decline and collapse of states • Akkadians • Mayans

16. Culture and Culture change • Emic and etic • Participant observation • Cultural relativism – objetivity • Marvin Harris, Franz, Boas, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Meade • Culture • Material culture • Subculture • Society • Ethnocentrism • Acculturation and assimilation • Multiculturalism • Diffusion • Revolution • Globalization

17. Study Questions Wheat and barley were domesticated in: A) Mesoamerica B) Fertile Crescent C) New Guinea D) China E) Africa Corn, beans, and squash were domesticated in: A) Mesoamerica B) Fertile Crescent C) South America D) China E) Africa

18. Rice was domesticated in: A) Mesoamerica B) Fertile Crescent C) New Guinea D) China Potatoes were domesticated in: A) Mesoamerica B) Fertile Crescent C) South America D) New Guinea Sorghum and millet were domesticated in: A) Mesoamerica B) Fertile Crescent C) South America D) Africa

19. Bananas and taro roots were domesticated in: A) Africa B) Fertile Crescent C) South America D) China E) New Guinea Sheep, goats, and cattle were domesticated in: A) Mesoamerica B) Fertile Crescent C) South America D) East Africa Which agricultural hearth region had the greatest variety of domesticated animals and crops that were high in protein and calories? A) Mesoamerica B) Fertile Crescent C) South America D) China E) New Guinea

20. Which agricultural hearth region was characterized by only vegetative crops with low protein and calories and high perishability? A) Mesoamerica B) Fertile Crescent C) Africa D) China E) New Guinea The only domesticated animal used in New Guinea is the: A) Cow B) Water Buffalo C) Pig D) Llama The only large mammal that was domesticated in South America was the: A) Turkey B) Chicken C) Pig D) Llama

21. The only animal, other than dogs, that was domesticated in Mesoamerica was the: A) Turkey B) Chicken C) Pig D) Llama An early Mesolithic culture based on mostly food collecting and some early forms of cultivation that emerged in the Levant was the A) Sumerian B) Harappan C) Mayan D) Natufian

22. An early village site in the Zagros Mountains (now Iran) known to demonstrate the transition from hunting and gathering to complex agriculture involving irrigation and plows, along with obsidian trade and permanent, multi-room mud houses was A) Jericho B) Çatal Hüyük C) Ur D) Ali Kosh The first great imperial city of the New World, located near modern Mexico City, that was known to be larger than Rome and features the immense Pyramid of the Sun was A) Teotihuacán B) Tenochtitlán C) Chan Chan D) Chichen Itza

23. A Neolithic proto-city in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) associated with obsidian trade and worship of aurochs (wild bulls) was A) Jericho B) Çatal Hüyük C) Ur D) Ali Kosh A Neolithic proto-city in the Levant, in present-day Palestine/Israel, known for its defensive stone tower was A) Jericho B) Çatal Hüyük C) Ur D) Ali Kosh One of earliest cities in the world, known for its ziggurat, located in Mesopotamia is A) Jericho B) Çatal Hüyük C) Ur D) Ali Kosh

24. The earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica was the A) Inca B) Olmec C) Maya D) Aztec The civilization that flourished in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and in Guatemala and Honduras was A) Inca B) Olmec C) Maya D) Aztec The early civilization located along the Pacific coast of northern Peru, which was known to have been related to the Chavín culture and was noted for its human sacrifice ritual involving the human-decapitating spider god was A) Inca B) Moche C) Nazca D) Aztec

25. The latest civilization in Mesoamerica, concentrated mainly in central Mexico, that was known for frequent human sacrifice and had its capital city at Tenochtitlán was A) Inca B) Olmec C) Maya D) Aztec The latest civilization in South America, concentrated in the Andes, that is known for its world-renowned sites of Machu Picchu and Cuzco was A) Inca B) Olmec C) Maya D) Aztec

26. A major pre-Columbian site with over 100 large mounds in North America (near St. Louis, MO) was A) Mesa Verde B) Pueblo Bonito C) Cahokia D) Meadowcroft A pre-Columbian site containing round ceremonial “kivas” that belonged to the sedentary Anasazi people in the American Southwest (west of Albuquerque, NM) was A) Poverty Point B) Pueblo Bonito C) Cahokia D) Meadowcroft

27. The emergence of food production in the Fertile Crescent initially took place due to A. Population pressure B. Climate changes that occurred following the end of the last ice age C. Lack of spare time D. Lack of nutrients from existing wild plants and animals Three theories on the emergence of civilization include all except A. Irrigation B. Trade C. Population growth D. They include all of these

28. Wheeled vehicles and other technological developments that were developed in the Old World never took place in the New World due to A. Lack of immunity to infectious diseases B. Lack of intelligence C. Lack of time for inventing D. Lack of animals which could be domesticated for the purpose of pulling vehicles Environmental degradation and human behavior, in this case widespread deforestation and overuse of soil, are believed to be the reasons for the collapse of the ________ civilization. • Akkadian • Roman • Anasazi • Mayan

29. A scientific approach which uses concepts to describe a particular phenomenon to scientists or other observers in order to make it more understandable would be A. cultural relativist B. objective C. emic D. etic A deep understanding of a concept that is only meaningful among the members of a particular group or society would be A. cultural relativist B. objective C. emic D. etic

30. Cave paintings, such as those at Altamira, Spain, along with skin-covered tents, rock shelters, blade tools, harpoons, spears, bone needles, and the like pertain to the A) Lower Paleolithic B) Middle Paleolithic C) Upper Paleolithic D) Mesolithic Modern humans (homo sapiens sapiens) first entered the New World over 12,000 years ago, and are referred to as Paleo-Indians, during the • Lower Paleolithic • Middle Paleolithic • Upper Paleolithic • Mesolithic

31. The Pleistocene “Ice Age” and the megafauna are associated with the • Middle Paleolithic • Upper Paleolithic • Mesolithic • Neolithic The Pleistocene megafauna include all except • Mastodons • Elephants • Mammoths • Giant ground sloths In which early hearth of agriculture did a true civilization never develop? • Mesoamerica • Fertile Crescent • New Guinea • China

32. Migration of early farmers from the Middle East into Europe was facilitated mostly by • Lower ocean levels • Crops with higher protein and calories • Dryer climates • Similar latitude and thus similar climates Migration of early modern humans to the Americas and to Southeast Asia and Australia was facilitated during the Pleistocene by • Lower ocean levels • Crops with higher protein and calories • Dryer climates • Similar latitude and thus similar climates

33. Paleo-Indian spear points, or arrowheads, pertain to a culture that was named after an archeological site in • Meadowcroft, Pennsylvania • Altamira, Spain • Clovis, New Mexico • Poverty Point, Louisiana The emergence of food production and the domestication of plants and animals, otherwise known as agriculture, is associated with the • Middle Paleolithic • Upper Paleolithic • Mesolithic • Neolithic

34. Essay Questions • Explain the process of intensification in regard to maximum sustainable yield, point of diminishing returns, and carrying capacity and how this relates to the adoption of new modes of production, especially the emergence of civilizations. • Explain, according to Jared Diamond, how Europeans and North Americans emerged as dominant industrial societies in world, while others remained technologically disadvantaged. In other words, “Why exactly do Westerners have so much cargo and New Guineans [among many others] don’t?” • Explain in detail what specifically do the concepts of “Guns”, “Germs”, and “Steel” refer to, or mean. More importantly what do they signify, or symbolize.