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Enzymes

Enzymes. What Are Enzymes?. Most enzymes are Proteins ( tertiary and quaternary structures) Act as Catalyst to accelerates a reaction Not permanently changed in the process. Enzymes. Are specific for what they will catalyze Are Reusable End in – ase -Sucrase -Lactase

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Enzymes

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  1. Enzymes

  2. What Are Enzymes? • Most enzymes are Proteins (tertiary and quaternary structures) • Act as Catalyst to accelerates a reaction • Not permanently changed in the process

  3. Enzymes • Are specific for what they will catalyze • AreReusable • End in –ase -Sucrase -Lactase -Maltase

  4. Catalysts for biological reactions Most are proteins Lower the activation energy Increase the rate of reaction Activity lost if denatured May be simple proteins May contain cofactors such as metal ions or organic (vitamins)

  5. How do enzymes Work? Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy

  6. Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy Free energy of activation Reactants Products Progress of the reaction

  7. Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the substrate Joins Substrate

  8. Active Site Enzyme • A restricted regionof an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. Active Site Substrate

  9. Induced Fit • A change in the shape of an enzyme’s active site • Induced by the substrate

  10. Induced Fit Active Site substrate Enzyme induced fit • A change in the configuration of an enzyme’s active site (H+ and ionic bonds are involved). • Induced by the substrate.

  11. What Affects Enzyme Activity? • Three factors: 1. Environmental Conditions 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes 3. Enzyme Inhibitors

  12. 1. Environmental Conditions 1. Extreme Temperature are the most dangerous - high tempsmay denature (unfold) the enzyme. 2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) 3. Ionic concentration (salt ions)

  13. 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes • Inorganic substances (zinc, iron)andvitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. • Example: Iron must be present in the quaternary structure-hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

  14. Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors Enzyme Competitive inhibitor a. Competitive inhibitors: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrateand compete with it for the active site. Substrate

  15. Inhibitors b. Noncompetitive inhibitors: Inhibitors that do not enter theactive site, but bind toanother partof the enzymecausing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active site. Noncompetitive Inhibitor Enzyme active site altered Substrate

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