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MECHANICS

MECHANICS. Motion Along a Straight Line. Ps 41. But First a Review. Significant Figures Non-zero digits are always significant. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion are significant.

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MECHANICS

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  1. MECHANICS

  2. Motion Along a Straight Line Ps 41

  3. But First a Review • Significant Figures • Non-zero digits are always significant. • Any zeros between two significant digits are significant. • A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion are significant. • Ex. 0.002500 has 4 significant figures • Ex. 2,500 has 2 significant figures • Ex. 2.500 x 103 has 4 significant figures • Multiplication/Division – Determined by the LEAST number of significant figures • Addition/Subtraction – Determined by LEAST number of decimal of places in the decimal portion

  4. Vectors • Vectors are physical quantities with both magnitude and direction and cannot be represented by just a single number • Displacement vs. Distance • Velocity vs. Speed • Represented by A • The magnitude of A is represented by |A| or A P2 A P1 P2 B=-A P1

  5. Vector Addition • Tip to tail method or Parallelogram method • Vector addition is commutative (a) (b)

  6. Vector Components • Vector Components

  7. Vector Addition using Components

  8. Example: Young and Freedman Problem 1.31/1.38 • A postal employee drives a delivery truck along the route shown. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement.

  9. Example: Young and Freedman Problem 1.31/1.38

  10. Example: Young and Freedman Problem 1.31/1.38

  11. Example: Young and Freedman Problem 1.31/1.38 • DON’T FORGET DIRECTION

  12. Unit Vectors • Unit vectors are unitless vectors with a magnitude of 1. • Primarily used to point a direction. • Represented by • Note scalar times vector

  13. Example

  14. Dot Product • Or scalar product • Using components

  15. Example • What is the angle between the vectors Compute up to 3 sig figs. • Solution

  16. Cross Product • Or vector product • Direction is dictated by the right hand rule • Anti-commutative

  17. Cross Product by Components

  18. Determinant form

  19. Example • Vector A has a magnitude to 5 and lies in the direction of the x-axis. Vector B has a magnitude of 2 and lies along the xy-plane at a 30o angle with the x-axis. Find AxB. • Solution Let

  20. Motion Along a Straight Line Ps 41

  21. Displacement • Is a vector quantity, usually denoted by x. • Change in the position of a point. (we can approximate objects to be a particle) • Remember, since it’s a vector, it’s important to note both magnitude and direction. • Define positive displacement to be a movement along the positive x-axis

  22. Average Velocity P1 • At time t1 the car is at point P1 and at time t2 the car is at point P2 • We can define P1 and P2 to have coordinates x1 and x2 respectively Δx=x2-x1 • Average velocity P2

  23. Velocity • Velocity is the change in displacement per unit time in a specific direction. • It is a vector quantity, usually denoted by v • Has SI unit of m/s • Average velocity can be useful but it does not paint the complete picture. • The winner of a race has the highest average velocity but is not necessarily the fastest.

  24. Instantaneous Velocity • Velocity at a specific instant of time • Define instant as an extremely short amount of time such that it has no duration at all. • Instantaneous Velocity • top speed of 431.072 km/h (Sport version. Picture only shows regular version)

  25. x-t Graph • Average Velocity • Average velocity is the slope of the line between two points • Instantaneous Velocity • Instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent line at a specific point x x x2 x1 o o t1 t2 t1 t t

  26. Sample Problem • A BugattiVeyron is at rest 20.0m from an observer. At t=0 it begins zooming down the track in a straight line. The displacement from the observer varies according to the equation a) Find the average velocity from t=0s to t=10s b) Find the average velocity from t=5s to t=10s c) Find the instantaneous velocity at t=10s

  27. Solution • a) • b) • c)

  28. Acceleration • Acceleration describes the rate of change of velocity with time. • Average Acceleration • Vector quantity denoted by • Instantaneous acceleration

  29. WARNING • Just because acceleration is positive (negative) does not mean that velocity is also positive (negative). • Just because acceleration is zero does not mean velocity is zero and vice versa.

  30. Motion at Constant Acceleration • Assume that acceleration is constant. • Generally

  31. Feel Free to use vf, vi, v0 whatever notation you’re more comfortable with • BUT be consistent through out the entire problem

  32. Motion at Constant Acceleration

  33. Seat Work #1 • Using • Derive • Hint: Eliminate time

  34. Giancoli Chapter 2 Problem 26 • In coming to a stop a car leaves skid marks 92 m long on the highway. Assuming a deceleration of 7.00m/s2, estimate the speed of the car just before braking.

  35. Chapter 2 Problem 26 • Ignore negative

  36. Falling Objects • Most common example of constant acceleration is free fall. • Freely falling bodies are objects moving under the influence of gravity alone. (Ignore air resistance) • Attracts everything to it at a constant rate. • Note: because it attracts objects downwards acceleration due to gravity is • Galileo Galilei formulated the laws of motion for free fall

  37. Freely Falling • A freely falling body is any body that is being influenced by gravity alone, regardless of initial motion. • Objects thrown upward or downward or simply released are all freely falling

  38. Example Giancoli 2-42 • A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 18.0 m/s. (a) How fast is it moving when it reaches a height of 11.0m? (b) How long will it take to reach this height? (c) Why are there two answers for b?

  39. Giancoli 2-42 • We can’t ignore negative

  40. Giancoli 2-42

  41. Giancoli 2-42 • Why were there 2 answers to b?

  42. Summary • These 4 equations will allow you to solve any problem dealing with motion in one direction as long as acceleration is CONSTANT! • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4.

  43. Problems from the Book (Giancoli 6thed) • 14- Calculate the average speed and average velocity of a complete round-trip, in which the outgoing 250 km is covered at 95km/hr, followed by a 1 hour lunch break and the return 250km is covered at 55km/hr. Start 95 kph 1 hour break End 55 kph

  44. Chapter 2 Problem 14 • Average speed = change in distance / change in time • For first leg • For return • Total time • Average speed

  45. Chapter 2 Problem 14 • What was the cars average velocity?

  46. Chapter 2 Problem 19 • A sports car moving at constant speed travels 110m in 5.0s. If it then brakes and comes to a stop in 4.0 s, what is its acceleration in m/s2? Express the answer in terms of g’s where g=9.80 m/s2.

  47. Chapter 2 Problem 19 • First find v

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